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Chemistry S2 > Test 3: Glycolysis > Flashcards

Test 3: Glycolysis Flashcards

1
Q

What is glycolysis?

A
  • first metabolic pathway
  • metabolises 1 molecule of glucose into 2 molecules of puruvate
  • produces 8 ATP
  • anaerobic process
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2
Q

What is the first metabolic pathway?

A

glycolysis

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3
Q

What are the products and reactants of Glycolysis?

A

reactant: 1 glucose
product: 2 pyruvate + 8ATP

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4
Q

How many molecules of ATP does glycolysis yield?

A

8 molecules of ATP

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5
Q

Is glycolysis aerobic or anaerobic?

A

anaerobic

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6
Q

What can happen after glycolysis to the pyruvate molecules? (with and without oxygen presence)

A

anaerobically:
pyruvate is fermented into lactate or ethanol and CO2

aerobically:
pyruvate is completely oxidised to carbon dioxide, generating more ATP

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7
Q

State the anaerobic reactions of pyruvate.

A

2pyruvate –> 2ethanol + 2CO2
2pyruvate –> 2lactate

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8
Q

State the aerobic reactions of pyruvate.

A

2pyruvate –> 2acetyl-CoA –> 4CO2 + 4H2O

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9
Q

How many enzyme catalysed reactions are there in glycolysis? How many stages are they divided into? What is the stage-division based on?

A

10 enzyme catalysed reactions
2 stages

STAGE 1 (preparatory phase):
- glucose –> 2G3P
- (loss of 2 ATP)

STAGE 2 (payoff phase):
- 2G3P –> 2pyruvate
- (gain 4 ATP and 2 NADH)

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10
Q

What are the major steps of stage 1?

A

1) phosphorylation of glucose –> glucose 6-phosphate
2) isomerization of G6P –> fructose 6-phosphate
3) transpher of phosphoryl group from ATP to C’1 –> fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
4) cleavage of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate –> glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate (aldose) + dihydroxy acetone phosphate (ketose)
5) triose phosphate mutose reaction: dihydroxy acetone phosphate (ketose) –> glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate (aldose)

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11
Q

What catalyses step 1?

A

glucose hexokinase

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12
Q

What catalyses step 2?

A
  • phosphohexose isomerase
  • Mg2+
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13
Q

What catalyses step 3?

A
  • phosphofructokinase
  • Mg2+
    (ATP –> ADP + Pi)
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14
Q

What catalyses step 4?

A

aldolase

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15
Q

What catalyses step 5?

A

triose phosphate isomerase

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16
Q

What are the major steps of stage 2?

A

6) glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase reaction: G3P + Pi –> 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate
7) phosphoglycerate kinase reaction: 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate + ADP –> 3-phosphoglycerate + ATP
8) phosphoglycerate mutase reaction:–> 2-phosphoglycerate (2PG)
9) dehydration: –> phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)
10) pyruvate kinase reaction: PEP + ADP –> pyruvate + ATP

17
Q

What catalyses step 6?

A
  • glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate degydrogenase
  • (NAD+ –> NADH + H+)
18
Q

What catalyses step 7?

A
  • phosphoglycerate kinase
  • Mg2+
19
Q

What catalyses step 8?

A
  • phosphoglycerate mutase
  • Mg2+
20
Q

What catalyses step 9?

A
  • enolase
  • H2O lost (dehydration)
21
Q

What catalyses step 10?

A
  • pyruvate kinase
  • Mg2+
  • K+
22
Q

What are the two forms of pyruvate? How to tell them apart?

A

keto:
- -CH3 group and =O group
- (no -OH group)

enol:
-OH group and =CH2

23
Q

How is lactate formed?

A

reactant: pyruvate
product: lactate
enzyme: lactate dehydrogenase

other reaction: NADH + H+ –> NAD+

24
Q

How does alcoholic fermentation occur?

A

2 step process

1) pyruvate –> acetalaldehyde
enzyme: pyruvate decarboxylase

2) acetalaldehyde –> ethanol
enzyme: alcohol dehydrogenase

25
Q

Explain the importance of glycolysis.

A
  • only pathway taking place in all body cells
  • only energy source in erythrocytes
  • anaerobic glycolysis: major muscle energy when oxygen is lacking
  • provides carbon skeletons for synthesis of non-essential amino acids and glycerol
  • reversable (in gluconeogenesis)
26
Q

What are the 3 stages of cellular respiration? Where do they occur?

A

1) acetyl-CoA production (in cytosol)
2) acetyl-CoA oxidation (mitochondria)
3) electron transfer and oxidative phosphorylation (mitochondria)

27
Q

What is FAD?

A

Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide
- derived from riboflavin
- part of E3
- FAD + 2e- + 2H+ <->FADH2

28
Q

Explain the energy produced in the Cytric Acid Cycle.

A

3NADH (3,4,8) –> 9ATP
1FADH2 (6) –> 2ATP
1GTP (5) –> 1ATP

29
Q

Explain the energy yield of aerobical Glycolysis.

A

1: - 1ATP
3: - 1ATP
6: +6ATP (2NADHx3ATP)
7: +2ATP (2x1ATP)
10: +2ATP (2x1ATP)

TOTAL: 8ATP

30
Q

Explain the energy yield of anaerobical Glycolysis.

A

1: - 1ATP
3: - 1ATP
6: +6ATP (2NADHx3ATP)
7: +2ATP (2x1ATP)
10: +2ATP (2x1ATP)
11: -6ATP (2NADHx3ATP) (pyruvate –> lactate)

TOTAL: 8ATP

31
Q

What is the total energy yield when converting glucose to CO2 and H2O?

A

glycolysis (aerobic): +8ATP
piruvate decarboxylation: +6ATP
(2NADHx3ATP)
TAC: +24ATP

TOTAL: 38ATP

Chemistry S2 (5 decks)

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