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ASDOH Cardiopulmonary System > Test 3 Final > Flashcards

Test 3 Final Flashcards

1
Q

Alveolar pressure equals

atmospheric pressure When…

A

At rest (before inspiration begins)

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2
Q

Intrapleural pressure is negative When…

A

At rest (before inspiration begins)

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3
Q

Lung Volume is FRC at…

A

At Rest (Before Inspiration)

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4
Q

The inspiratory muscles contract and cause the volume of the thorax to increase during…

A

During Inspiration

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5
Q

Intrapleural pressure becomes more negative during…

A

During Inspiration

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6
Q

Lung volume increases by one TV during…

A

During inspiration

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7
Q

Alveolar pressure becomes greater than atmospheric pressure during…

A

During expiration

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8
Q

Intrapleural pressure returns to its resting value during

A

a normal (passive) expiration

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9
Q

Sympathetic stimulation and sympathetic agonists dilate the airways via…

A

β2-receptors, increase the radius, and decrease the resistance to airflow

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10
Q

Laplace’s Law), as shown in the following equation:

A

P=(2T)/R

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11
Q

P in P=(2T)/R is…

A

Pressure required to keep alveolus open (dynes/cm2)

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12
Q

Surfactant consists of…

A

the phospholipid DPPC, other lipids, proteins and carbohydrate. Phospholipid is the major component due to its amphipathic properties

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13
Q

Compliance of the lungs describes?

A

the distensibility of the lungs and is inversely related to “stiffness”

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14
Q

Mathematically, compliance is

A

the change in volume for a given change in pressure or C = V/P

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15
Q

“Classically”, an asthma attack begins when an allergen is inhaled. The allergen binds to…

A

IgE antibodies on MAST CELLS in the lungs.

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16
Q

The most common causes of obstructive lung disease are:

A

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which includes emphysema and chronic bronchitis

Asthma

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17
Q

Some conditions causing restrictive lung disease are:

A

Interstitial lung disease such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

Obesity

Neuromuscular disease, such as muscular dystrophy or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

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18
Q

This measurement of respiratory volumes and capacities is important in assessing the severity of a respiratory disease and monitoring improvement or deterioration in a patient’s pulmonary function.

A

Forced Expiratory Volume 1.0 (FEV1.0)

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19
Q

A healthy adult should be able to expel ______% of the vital capacity in __ second(s)

A

75-85

1.0

20
Q

Oxygen is carried in blood in two forms:

A
  • dissolved in plasma (~1.5%)

* bound to hemoglobin (most important; ~98.5%)

21
Q

Hemoglobin saturation at PO2 40 mmHG

A

75% 3/4 heme groups filled

22
Q

Hemoglobin saturation at PO2 25 mmHG

A

50% 2/4 heme groups filled

23
Q

Occur when the affinity of hemoglobin for O2 is decreased.

A

Shifts to the Right

24
Q

affects of Increases in 2, 3-DPG concentration on hemoglobin dissociation curve.

A

Shifts to the Right

25
Q

_________is a decrease in arterial PO2, whereas_________ is delivery to the tissues.

A

Hypoxemia

hypoxia

26
Q

occurs when body cells are unable to use O2 even though adequate amounts are delivered. This variety of hypoxia is the consequence of metabolic poisons, such as cyanide.

A

Histotoxic hypoxia

27
Q

is indicated by reduced arterial PO2. Possible causes include disordered or abnormal ventilation-perfusion coupling, pulmonary diseases that impair ventilation, and breathing air containing scant amounts of O2.

A

Hypoxemic hypoxia

28
Q

ratio is the ratio of alveolar ventilation (V) to pulmonary blood flow

A

Ventilation-Perfusion Ratio (V/Q Ratio)

29
Q

If the frequency, tidal volume, and cardiac output are normal, the V/Q ratio is approximately…

A

0.8

30
Q

Normal V/Q ratio results in

A

an arterial PO2 of 100 mmHG, and PCO2 of 40 mmHG

31
Q

If the airways are completely blocked (e.g., by a piece of food caught in the trachea), then ventilation is zero. If blood flow is normal, then V/Q is zero, which is called a

A

Shunt

32
Q

Is primarily responsible for inspiration and generates the basic rhythm for breathing

A

Medullary Respiratory (Rhythmicity) Center

Dorsal Respiratory Group (DRG)

33
Q

Inputs information from peripheral chemoreceptors and mechanoreceptors

A

Cranial Nerve 10 (CN X)

34
Q

Inputs information from peripheral chemoreceptors

A

CN IX

35
Q

Output from the DRG travels via the______ nerve to the diaphragm & external intercostals

A

phrenic

36
Q
  • is primarily responsible for expiration
  • is not active during normal, quiet breathing, when expiration is passive
  • is activated (e.g., during exercise) when expiration becomes an active process
A

Medullary Respiratory Center: Ventral Respiratory Group (VRG)

37
Q
  • is located in the lower pons
  • stimulates inspiration, producing deep and prolonged inspiratory gasps (apneusis), followed by occasional brief exhalations
A

Apneustic Center

38
Q
  • is located in the upper pons
  • inhibits inspiration and limits the burst of action potentials in the phrenic nerve
  • limits the size of the TV
A

Pneumotaxic Center

39
Q

When it comes to breathing, it can temporarily override the brainstem centers

A

Cerebral Cortex

40
Q

Chemoreceptors located bilaterally in the ventrolateral medulla.

A

central chemoreceptors

41
Q

Chemoreceptors found in the aortic arch and carotid arteries.

A

peripheral chemoreceptors

42
Q

Are sensitive to the pH of the CSF

A

Central Chemoreceptors in the Medulla

43
Q

Chemoreceptors sensitive to arterial O2

A

The peripheral chemoreceptors

44
Q

In order for O2 levels to become a major stimulation for increased ventilation they must drop to at least…

A

60mmHg

45
Q

The optimal ration between bicarbonate and CO2 to have a pH of 7.4

A

20:1

46
Q

The kidneys regulate pH by:

A

Secreting H+
Reabsorbing HCO3-
Synthesizing HCO3-

if active this lowers PH

ASDOH Cardiopulmonary System (3 decks)

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