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ASDOH Cardiopulmonary System > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Effect where the elastic recoil of the aorta helps to “dampen” or “smooth out” the pulsatile flow of blood out of the left ventricle of the heart

A

Windkessel Effect

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2
Q

The there layers of arteries

A 
Tunica intima
Tunica media
Tunica externa (or adventitia)
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3
Q

Blood flow through arteries is affected by two major variables What are they?

A

pressure and resistance.

Q=∆P/R

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4
Q

the force with which blood is pushed against the walls of blood vessels

A

Blood Pressure

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5
Q

highest amount of pressure reached during ventricular ejection of blood

A

Systolic Pressure (SP)

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6
Q

minimum amount of pressure just before ventricular ejection begins

A

Diastolic Pressure (DP)

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7
Q

potential energy is then released by the RECOIL of the arterial wall, which propels the blood distally and provides the________This alteration of systolic and diastolic propulsion provides a more continuous (rather than pulsatile) flow to the peripheral tissues. This pressure-storing property of the aorta is sometimes called the ______ effect.

A

“diastolic runoff”

“Wind Kessel”

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8
Q

Auscultatoric measurement devices determine blood pressure by monitoring…

A

Korotkoff sounds

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9
Q

These measurements use an electronic pressure sensor with a numerical readout of blood pressure.

A

Oscillometric measurement device

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10
Q

Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) =

A

2/3 DP + 1/3 SP
or
MAP = DP + 1/3 PP

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11
Q

the sum of all resistance in the vasculature

A

Total Peripheral Resistance (TPR) or Systemic Vascular Resistance (SVR)

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12
Q

There are 3 important sources of resistance within a single vessel:

A
  • blood viscosity
  • vessel length
  • vessel diameter or radius
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13
Q

The relationship between resistance, viscosity, vessel length, and vessel radius is explained with

A

Poiseuille’s Law.

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14
Q

POLYCYTHEMIA

A

high hematocrit state

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15
Q

Another factor that is influences viscosity is the tendency of RBCs to aggregate into stacks called…

A

ROULEAUX

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16
Q

in blood flow Resistance=?

A

R = 8 V L / π r^4

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17
Q

Baroreceptors are neural receptors located in the…

A

CAROTID SINUS and AORTIC ARCH

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18
Q

Which cranial nerves carry signals from baroreceptors?

A

Cranial nerves IX (glossopharyngeal) and X (vagus)

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19
Q

What center of the brain processes signals from baroreceptors?

A

MEDULLARY CARDIOVASCULAR (or CARDIOREGULATORY) CENTER of the brainstem

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20
Q

Medullary Cardiovascular Center Functions

A

Makes decisions about what to do about hypertension or hypotension…..and then employs the services of the SNS and ParaNS to send those orders to various target tissues

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21
Q

Why would baroreceptors get used to high BP?

A

decreased sensitivity of the baroreceptors to increases in arterial pressure or an increase in the blood pressure set point of the brainstem centers.

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22
Q

A decrease in renal perfusion pressure (blood pressure) causes kidneys to secrete this enzyme

A

RENIN

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23
Q

Renin catalyzes the conversion of

A

ANGIOTENSINOGEN to ANGIOTENSIN I in the plasma

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24
Q

catalyzes the conversion of angiotensin I into ANGIOTENSIN II

A

ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME (ACE)

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25
Q

Hypovolemia, or volume contraction ( e.g., due to hemorrhage), is also a potent stimulus for…

A

ADH secretion

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26
Q

ADH has 2 effects that tend to increase blood pressure toward normal. What are they?

A

It increases water reabsorption via the kidneys activates V_2 Receptors

It is a potent vasoconstrictor that increases TPR by activating V_1 Receptors

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27
Q

The responses to an increase in blood volume include:

A
  • increased secretion of ANP

* decreased secretion of ADH

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28
Q

This hormone is secreted by the atria in response to increased atrial pressure

A

ANP

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29
Q

Effects of ANP

A

• Causes relaxation of vascular smooth muscle, which results in
vasodilation and decreased TPR

• In the kidney, this vasodilation leads to increased Na+ and water excretion, thereby decreasing total body Na+ content, ECF volume and blood volume

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30
Q

Hypertensive cases are classified as secondary when?

A

Caused by a disorder or situation that increases TPR or CO, e .g.

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31
Q

The chronic elevation in blood pressure that occurs without any evidence of underlying disease

A

Primary (Essential) Hypertension

32
Q

Commonly associated with hypertension and diabetes mellitus

A

Arteriosclerosis

33
Q

Entire wall of the artery “outpouches” common in..

A

Circumferential or Fusiform Aneurysms

Common in the abdominal aorta (AAA = abdominal aortic aneurysm)

34
Q

Only one portion of the arterial wall “outpouches”

A

Saccular or Berry Aneurysms

35
Q

Most often observed in the small arteries of the brain, especially in the Circle of Willis

A

Saccular or Berry Aneurysms

36
Q

Tunics of the arterial wall separate; blood collects in-between the tunics and are common in…

A

Dissecting Aneurysms

Common in the aortic arch

37
Q

Fluid movement across clefts and fenestrations is driven by…

A

Starling forces

Pc ∏c etc…

38
Q

collects lymph from most of the body regions

A

The thoracic duct

39
Q

receives lymph from the right side of the head, neck, and trunk and from the right upper extremity. It empties into the right subclavian vein

A

The right lymphatic duct

40
Q

Edema occurs when the volume of interstitial fluid exceeds the capacity of the lymphatics to return it to the circulation.
It can be caused by:

A
  • excess filtration (typically reflected by ↑P
  • decreased absorption (typically reflected by ↓π
  • increased capillary permeability
  • blocked lymphatics
41
Q

When the external

intercostals contract, they do two things:

A 
• elevate the ribs
superolaterally (“bucket
handle”)
• move the sternum
anteriorly (“pump handle”)
42
Q

Upper Respiratory Structures

A
  • nose
  • pharynx
  • larynx
43
Q

Lower Respiratory Structures

A
  • trachea
  • bronchi
  • bronchioles
  • alveolar ducts & sacs
  • alveoli
44
Q

Causes bronchodilation

A

sympathetic nervous system via β2 receptors

45
Q

causes bronchoconstriction

A

parasympathetic nervous system via muscarinic receptors

46
Q

gas exchange occurs within the

A

alveoli

47
Q

Right lung has ___ lobes, while the left lung has__ lobes.

A

3

2

48
Q

These cells are thin and flat (simple squamous); constitute 90% of alveolar surface area

A

Type I alveolar cell (Type I pneumocyte)

49
Q

These cells synthesize pulmonary surfactant

A

Type II alveloar cell (Type II pneumocyte)

50
Q

clean off particles such as dust or microorganisms; frequently contain granules of exogenous material such as particulate carbon that they have picked up from respiratory surfaces (particularly in smokers)

A

Alveolar macrophage (dust cell)

51
Q

protects tissues from neutrophil elastase

A

ALPHA-1-ANTITRYPSIN

52
Q

The absence of alpha-1- antitrypsin results in

A

respiratory complications ( i.e., emphysema, COPD) and cirrhosis

53
Q

Is a tool for the measurement of the breathing capacity of the lungs

A

Diagnostic spirometry

54
Q

is a method of encouraging voluntary deep breathing by providing visual feedback about inspiratory volume.

A

Incentive spirometry

55
Q

Incentive spirometry reduces the risk of

A

atelectasis (collapsed lung) and pulmonary consolidation.

56
Q

Define Tidal Volume (TV)

A

amount of air that moves into and out of the (TV) airways with each inspiration and expiration during normal quiet breathing – usually around 500 ml

57
Q

Define Minute Ventilation

A

Total volume of air taken in by the body during 1 minute

58
Q

Minuet Ventilation=

A

TV x RR

59
Q

Define Anatomical Dead Space

A

The portion of the tidal volume that remains in the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and terminal bronchioles – i.e. the air that does not participate in gas exchange

60
Q

Define Alveolar Ventilation

A

Total volume of air that reaches the sites of gas exchange during 1 minute

61
Q

Alveolar Ventilation+

A

AVe = (TV-ADS) x RR

62
Q

Define Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

A

The amount of air you can inspire above your normal tidal volume

63
Q

Define Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

A

The amount of air you can expire above your normal tidal volume

64
Q

Define Residual Volume (RV)

A

The amount of air that remains in the respiratory system after a forced expiration

65
Q

Define Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)

A

The sum of the residual volume and expiratory reserve volume

66
Q

Define Inspiratory Capacity (IC)

A

The sum of the tidal volume and IRV

67
Q

Define Vital Capacity

A

The sum of tidal volume, IRV and ERV

68
Q

Temporary increase in blood pressure when standing up

A

Orthostatic Hypertension

69
Q

RAA system steps

A

Rennin, Angiotensinogen, Angiotensin 1, angiotensin 2» (Brain ADH and Kidney Aldosterone)

70
Q

What is whiteout syndrome

A

BP increases when a doctor or someone tries to take your blood pressure.

71
Q

What is Atherosclerosis?

A

Plaque buildup in arteries

72
Q

What is Arteriosclerosis?

A

Hardening of the arteries. Via hypertrophy of muscular layer.

73
Q

The most common cause of type 2 hypertension

A

renal failure

74
Q

What is intermediate Clodication?

A

When light activity causes chest pain, muscle pain, and fatigue.

75
Q

What is the circle of willis?

A

arteries in the base of the brain that get aneurysms some times.

ASDOH Cardiopulmonary System (3 decks)

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