Test 3 (Eukaryotes)

Question 1

Mitochondria and chloroplasts

Answer 1

-once free living bacteria (own circular DNA, own ribosomes (bacterial, smaller)
-divide by binary fission

Question 2

Endosymbiosis

Answer 2

-Endo (one is inside the other) symbiosis (organisms liver very close to each other)
- Multiple cells living together to produce one eukaryotic cell
-Achaea cell engulfed an aerobic bacterium which became mitochondria leading to animals and fungi (ancestor to all eukaryotes
- second engulfment of cyanobacteria which became chloroplasts.

Question 3

Don’t forget to name organelles and their function

Question 4

Cell wall characteristic of Eukaryotics (all have cell membrane
Animals
Plants
Fungi
Protists

Answer 4

No cell wall
cellulose
chitin
varies, protozoan (none), algae made of cellulose

Question 5

Fungi

Answer 5

-Chemoheterotrophs by absorption (digestion occurs outside then absorb)
-multicellular or secondary unicellular
-YEAST,,,,secondary unicellular (ancestors had multicellular
-MOLDS,,,hyphae + reproductive structure (multi),
-some fungi switch between forms
-more acid/salt/sugar tolerant than bacteria

Question 6

Septate fungi vs non-septate fungi

Answer 6

septate cell walls that separate fungi cells
non-septate, no dividers.

Question 7

Mycellium

Answer 7

Hyphae collectively together

Question 8

Fungi reproduction (Asexual)

Answer 8

-Asexual or Sexually
-hyphae are haploid, but they produce a reproductive structure which makes spores by mitosis.
- spores germinated, divide by mitosis to produce a new mycelium.

Question 9

Fungi reproduction (Sexual)

Answer 9

• hyphae strands from different mating strains fuse (- and +)
• which produce a dikaryotic (2 nuclei) not fuse together yet)
  -at some point the nuclei fuse to form a diploid reproductive structure.
  -then spores made by meiosis (different cells)

Question 10

why we care about fungi?

Answer 10

decompose cellulose, chitin, petroleum (bioremediation) . ammonification

Question 11

Mycorrhiza ?

Answer 11

-fungal relationship between plants
- sugar from plants to fungi
-water and minerals from fungi to plants (due to large surface area)

Question 12

Mycoses (fungal disease )

Answer 12

-superficial like (ringworm, athletes foot)
-opportunistic pathogen (antibiotic use kills yeast) thrush, yeast infections
-histoplasmosis - respiratory fungal disease

Question 13

-plant diseases
-animal mycosis

Answer 13

-white pine blister rust
-white nose syndrome

Question 14

Protists

Answer 14

-Not monophyletic (not close relatives)
-Diverse groups
-Algae (unicellular, colonial (many cells stuck together), often motile
-photoautotrophs
-Examples: spirogyra, diatoms

Question 15

Protists significant to human

Answer 15

-aquatic food chains (algae + cyanobacteria photosynthesis)
-oxygen generation (more O2 than plants)
-red tides (blooms dinoflagellates, make toxin that accumulate in shellfish)
-secondary endosymbiosis. (green algae + plants) another engulfment led to red and brown algae.

Question 16

Protozoa

Answer 16

-Chemoheterotroph, motile, no cell wall, free-living or parasitic.
-Sexual or asexual.

Question 17

Trophozoite and cyst (Protozoa)

Answer 17

• Trophozoite stage (actively growing form)
• cyst (inactive form) surviving form,harder to kill when environment better turn back to Trophozoite.

Question 18

Protozoa examples and diseases

Answer 18

-Amoeba/paramecium
-Malaria
-African sleeping sickness
-changas disease.

Question 19

Slime molds/Water molds (protists)

Answer 19

-part of their life as Amoebas
-cAMP signals them to come together into a SLUG (it is motile)
-when reach destination, develops into a reproductive structure that produces spores.
-spores become amoebas, repeating the cycle.

-decomposers of cellulose.
Irish potato famine (caused hunger) caused by Late blight (potato disease)

Question 20

Helminths

Answer 20

-Parasitic worms
-Animalia
-Nematodes (roundworms), Trematodes (flukes), Cestodes (tapeworms)
-Chemoheterotrophic, maybe be by absorption, may lack digestive tract

Question 21

Definitive host vs intermidiate host

Answer 21

-host where parasite reproduces sexually
-host where parasite grows but reproduce asexually.

Question 22

(Tapeworms) cestodes
scolex, proglottids

Answer 22

scolex, holds on to intestinal wall
proglottids, have ovaries + testes which shed eggs/larvae in feces.
encysted larvae can end up in the brain or muscle if humans ingest the eggs or larvae ending in intermediate host.

Question 23

Pinworms (nematode)

Answer 23

-eggs ingested
-mature in intestine (male + female mate)
-female travels to anus to lay eggs, leads to itching
-reinfection due to fingers in mouth
(pathogens change host behavior or physiology to increase spread (itching)