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BioChem IPAP 3-17 > Test 3 Digestive System > Flashcards

Test 3 Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

What accessory Digestive organs make considerable contribution to digestion?

A

Liver

Pancreas

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2
Q

What provides initial mechanical breakdown of food?

A

Teeth

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3
Q

What are the cells of the Gastric Mucosa?

A

Mucous Surface Cell
Mucous Neck Cells
Oxyntic (Parietal) Cells
Peptic (Chief) Cells

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4
Q

What is excreted by all cells of the Gastric Mucosa?

A

Water

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5
Q

What is excreted by the Mucous Surface Cells?

A

Mucus
Bicarbonate
Water

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6
Q

What is Excreted by the Oxyntic (Parietal)Cells?

A

Hydrogen Ions
Chloride Ions
Intrinsic Factor
Water

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7
Q

What is Excreted by the Peptic (Chief) Cells?

A

Pepsinogen

Water

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8
Q

Mucus (Foveolar) Cell function in the stomach?

A

Mucus-producing cells which cover the inside of the stomach, forms a protective barrier from corrosive gastric acid and digestive enzymes

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9
Q

Like bone, teeth require what?

A

Collagen-like proteins and glycoproteins

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10
Q

Name some of the collagen-like Proteins and Glycoproteins that are required for teeth?

A
  • Amelogenin (Protein)
  • Ameloblastin (Protein)
  • Enamelin (Protein)
  • Tuftelin (Glycoproteins)
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11
Q

The Collagen-like proteins and glycoproteins organize, initiate, and direct what?

A

Calcium Phosphate (Ca3(PO4)2) crystal formation and anchor teeth to gums

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12
Q

What causes dental plaque?

A

Enzymatic process mainly by normal oral bacteria

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13
Q

What is significant about organisms in plaque located closest to the teeth?

A

Exist in an oxygen-deficient environment and convert to anaerobic respiration for energy

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14
Q

In an anaerobic environment, Carbohydrates are turned into what from what?

A

Lactic Acid from Pyruvate

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15
Q

The formation of Lactic Acid results in what regarding pH and leads to what?

A

pH below 5.5 leading to tooth decay (the demineralization process that causes cavities)

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16
Q

What are the main carbohydrate sources for formation of lactic acid?

A

Glucose, Fructose, and especially Sucrose

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17
Q

What Phase consists of thoughts of eating, feelings of hunger, and saliva production controlled by neuro biochemical processes?

A

Cephalic Phase

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18
Q

This phase occurs from the physical presence and act of chewing and tasting food eliciting further signals that enhance saliva formation and expression?

A

Gustatory Phase

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19
Q

What is the saliva-produced hormone that activates calmodulin-dependent cAMP phosphodiesterase involved in taste bud formation?

A

Gustin

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20
Q

What is the Composition of Saliva?

A
  • Water (98-99%)
  • Electrolytes
  • Major Digestive Enzymes
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21
Q

What electrolytes are found in saliva?

A 
Sodium
Potassium
Calcium
Magnesium
Chloride
Bicarbonate
Phosphate
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22
Q

What Major Digestive Enzymes are found in Saliva?

A 
Alpha-Amylase
Lingual Lipase (secreted by the tongue)
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23
Q

Alpha-amylase initiates random digestion of what, producing what in the process?

A

Initiates random digestion of amylose and amylopectin chains, producing maltotriose, maltose, amylose, glucose, and oligosaccharides

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24
Q

Lingual Lipase initiates hydrolysis of what and continues to where?

A

Initiates hydrolysis of long-chain triglycerides into diacylglycerol and free fatty acids, which continues into and through stomach.

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25
Q

For optimal activation of Lingual Lipase what is required and in turn where does this occur?

A

Acidic (pH4) environment, vast majority of activity is in the stomach

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26
Q

Name the minor digestive enzymes found within Saliva?

A
  • Salivary Acid Phosphatases A + B
  • N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine Amidase
  • NAD(P)H Dehydrogenase (quinone)
  • Superoxide Dismutase
  • Glutathione Transferase
  • Aldehyde Dehydrogenase (class 3)
  • Glucose-6-Phosphate Isomerase
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27
Q

What antibacterial compounds are found in Saliva?

A

H2O2

Immunoglobulin A

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28
Q

What is the function of Superoxide Dismutase?

A

Reduces highly reactive superoxide molecules

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29
Q

What does Superoxide Dismutase reduce highly reactive superoxide molecules into?

A

Oxygen and Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2)

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30
Q

How does Superoxide Dismutase reduce Highly reactive superoxide molecules?

A

Oxidation of a metal ion

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31
Q

This Enzyme detoxifies molecules containing the sulfur -containing, tripeptide glutathione, produced from the cysteine, glutamic acid, and glycine AA’s, via reduction and conjugation?

A

Glutathione Transferase

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32
Q

What compound is the main immunoglobulin in saliva and plays a critical role in mucosal immunity?

A

Immunoglobulin A

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33
Q

What antimicrobial enzymes are found in saliva?

A

Lactoferrin
Lactoperoxidase (Salivary)
Lysozyme
Thiocyanate (SCN)

34
Q

What is the composition of mucus within saliva?

A

Mucopolysaccarides

Glycoproteins

35
Q

What are the approx. numbers of cells (human and bacterial) within saliva and what is significant about their metabolism?

A

8 million human/ml; 500 million Baterial.ml

-Bacterial metabolism leads to production of thiols, amines, and organic acids causing bad breath

36
Q

What is the medical term for bad breath?

A

Halitosis

37
Q

Which antimicrobial enzyme produces small peptides, called lactoferricin and kaliocin-1, which, coupled w/ iron, inhibit bacterial and viral binding to cell membranes? Also exhibits antifungal properties.

A

Lactoferrin

38
Q

This antimicrobial enzyme kills bacteria via formation of reactive bromine and iodine species?

A

Lactoperoxidase (salivary)

39
Q

What secretion offers lubrication and protection to teeth, tongue, and epithelial cells of the gums/inner mouth as well as the remainder of the digestive tract?

A

Mucus

40
Q

Methamphetamine act of which receptors of the vasculature of salivary glands, causing vasoconstriction and reducing salivary flow?

A

Alpha-Adrenergic Receptors

41
Q

What is the significance to reduced salivary flow?

A

Deprives oral environment of saliva’s buffering activity to counteract acidity and prevent demineralization of enamal

42
Q

Methamphetamine overstimulates what portion of the Nervous system?

A

Sympathetic Nervous System

43
Q

This overstimulation of the sympathetic Nervous system causes what?

A

Depleting of Norepi and dopamine, altering concentrations of serotonin, acetylcholine, and glutamate leading to increased demand for ATP

44
Q

Users of Meth compensate by consuming more of what?

A

Carbohydrates (Sugars)

45
Q

Decreased saliva, increase mouth acidity, excess sugar, and lack of plaque control (oral hygiene) leads to what?

A

Accelerated Dental Caries

46
Q

Aside from the teeth providing mechanical breakdown of food, what else provides for mechanical breakdown?

A

Smooth muscle layers of the digestive tract

47
Q

What portion of the Nervous system regulates and coordinates secretion of H ions and digestive enzymes?

A

Autonomic Nervous System and Hormones

48
Q

The actions of each cell type and resulting environment of the stomach are controlled by?

A

Vagus (CN-X) Cranial Nerve signals

49
Q

The activation and activity of a number of regulated enzymes is due to what?

A

Exposure to acid environment (pH 1-2) that initiates metabolism

50
Q

What are the different cells types of the Gastric Mucosa?

A

Mucous Surface Cells
Mucous Neck Cells
Oxyntic (Parietal) Cells
Peptic (Chief) Cells

51
Q

What are the secretory products of the Mucous Surface Cells and Mucous Neck Cells?

A

Mucus, Bicarb, water (Mucus (Neck) or Foveolar)

52
Q

What are the secretory products of the Oxyntic (Parietal) cells?

A

H ions, Cl ions, intrinsic factor, water

Parietal (Oxyntic)

53
Q

What are the secretory products of the Peptic (Chief) Cells?

A

Pepsinogen, water (Chief (Zymogenic))

54
Q

What covers the inside of the stomach, forming a protective barrier from corrosive gastric acid and digestive enzymes?

A

Mucus-producing cells

55
Q

What do the mucus-producing (Foveolar) cells produce?

A

Viscous mixture of protective enzymes and Mucins (large glycoproteins), via stimulation of C kinase

56
Q

These are interlinked by Cysteine-Cysteine Disulfide bonds to form large aggregate gels filled w/buffered H2O and protect from enzymes by their dense carbohydrate coating?

A

Mucin Glycoproteins

57
Q

Mucins have decreased glycosylation where in its AA sequence?

A

NH3 and COOH terminal ends

58
Q

Mucins have increased glycosylation where in its AA sequence and via what?

A

Via: Serine, Threonine, and Asparagine AA’s
In: Central part of its AA sequence

59
Q

Where are parietal (oxyntic) cells located?

A

Fundus of the stomach

60
Q

What stimulates parietal (oxyntic) cells?

A
  • Histamine
  • Gastrin
  • Vagus (Parasympathetic) Nerve
61
Q

Via what receptor and name the sequences of stimulation for Histamine on Parietal (oxyntic) Cells?

A

Via H2 receptor
(Gs–> adenyl cyclase–> cAMP–>H+/K+ ATPase
active transport channel to produce gastric acid)

62
Q

Via what receptor and name the sequence of stimulation for Gastrin on Parietal (oxyntic) Cells?

A

Via CCK2/gastrin receptor on ELCs

Gq–> Phospholipase C–> IP3–>Ca2+–> Histamine–> Parietal cells

63
Q

Vagus (parasympathetic) Nerve via what receptors and name the sequence?

A

Via ACh and M3 receptors

Gq–> Phospholipase C–> IP3–> Ca2+

64
Q

Parietal (Oxyntic) Cells secrete Gastric Acid (mainly H ions and Cl ions) is secreted via what?

A

H+/K+ ATPase active transport channel against high gradient (3M:1)

65
Q

What role does gastric acid paly in digestion?

A

Denatures proteins
Activates Pepsinogen
Inhibits Bacterial Growth

66
Q

Secreted Bicarb (HCO3-) secreted by Parietal Cells plays what role in digestion?

A

Excreted into blood to balance H+ pumped into stomach

67
Q

What is required for absorption of Vitamin B12?

A

Intrinsic Factor (Secreted by Parietal Cells)

68
Q

Chief (Zymogenic/Peptic) Cells produce what and this is a proenzyme form of what?

A

Pepsinogen, proenzyme form of Pepsin

(Cleaves peptide bonds at hydrophobic and aromatic (phe, trp, tyr) AA’s

69
Q

Chief (Zymogenic/Peptic) Cells are stimulated by what?

A

Vagus Nerve
Acidic Conditions (Gastric Acid)
Hormones Gastrin or Secretin

70
Q

Where are the hormones Gastrin and Secretin produced?

A

Duodenum

71
Q

In infancy Chief Cells also produce what enzyme?

A

Rennin

72
Q

What is the importance of Rennin?

A

Aids in milk absorption by breaking the phe-met peptide bond in milk protein (k(kappa)-casein)

73
Q

What stimulates rennin secretion and what occurs later in life?

A

Stimulated by ingestion of milk by infant

-Gene is turned off later in life

74
Q

Enterochromaffin-Like Cells (ELCs) are found where, secrete what, stimulated by, and inhibited by what?

A
  • Found: Gastric Glands
  • Secrete: Histamine activating parietal cells to increase gastric acid
  • Stimulated: gastrin, pituitary adenyl cyclase-activating peptide and Vagus Nerve
  • Inhibited: Somatostatin
75
Q

G-Cells are found where, Secrete what to stimulate what cells and stimulated by what nerve?

A
  • Found: Pyloric Antrum
  • Secretes: Gastrin–> Stimulates parietal cells (w/histamine) to increase gastric acid and Chief cells to produce pepsin
  • Stimulate: Parasympathetic Vagus nerve activity via release of gastrin-releasing peptide or increase AAs in stomach, increases gastrin
76
Q

What receptors do Gastric Mucosal cells have?

A

PGE2 receptors

77
Q

What function does Prostaglandin E2 binding to stomach receptors have?

A
  • Stimulates smooth muscle contraction of GI
  • Decreases parietal cell secretion of gastric acid
  • Increases mucus production
78
Q

PGE2 provides it function via what?

A

Gi protein receptor, which inhibits the production of cAMP by adenyl cyclase and therefore, parietal cell H+/K+ ATPase pump activity

79
Q

What medication is a synthetically produced Prostaglandin E1, used in the prevention of gastric ulcers normally for treatment of/prophylaxis against nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug induced peptic ulcers?

A

Misoprostol

80
Q

What medication are more effective for long-term care of acid reflux and similar disorders?

A

H2-receptor blockers

Proton Pump Inhibitor (PPI)

BioChem IPAP 3-17 (9 decks)

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