Test 3: Blood Flashcards
Water Distribution in the Body
- Total body water:
- females – 50%
- males – 63% of the body weight
- ICF – intracellular fluid (>50 % of total body water)
- ECF – extracellular fluid (about 40 % of total body water)
- circulating liquids
- plasma (water, proteins, organic and inorganic compounds)
- lymph
- interstitial
- tissue fluid
- TCF – transcellular fluid (1% of the body water)
- cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
- eyes
- pleura, peritoneum
- joints
- alimentary tract
Functions of the blood: Transport Fuctions
- carries oxygen from the lungs to the cells
- carries carbon dioxide from tissues to the lungs
- waste products from tissues to the organs of excretion - kidneys
- nutrients from the alimentary tract to the cells
- hormones and vitamins transported to all parts of the body -hormones are stored in the blood
- connected to plasma proteins
Functions of the Blood: Regulatory Functions
- acid - base balance mechanisms (pH regulation)
- fluid and electrolyte balance,
- osmotic and oncotic pressure regulation
- thermoregulation
Functions of the Blood: Protective Function
- clotting mechanisms prevent fluid loss through
- hemorrhage when blood vessels are damaged
- immunologic reactions
Composition of the blood
- plasma
- formed(morphotic) elements
Plasma
- the liquid portion of the blood
- 90% water and 10% solutes
- Major types of plasma proteins:
- albumins
- globulins
- fibrinogen
Blood coagulation
Blood coagulation = hemostasis, clotting
multi-step process
- formation of prothrombin activator
- conversion of prothrombin into thrombin
- fibrinogen changing to fibrin
- calcium and vitamin K are necessary
for successful clot formation
- after a clot forms it retracts to pull the edges of the wound
together.
- clot dissolves by fibrinolysis
Homeostasis Diagram
Blood groups, blood typing
- specific antigens (aglutinogenes) on RBC
- specific antibodies (agglutinins) in plasma
- A - Rh (+)
- B - Rh (-)
0 (zero)
AB
- group A - antigen A present on the surface of RBC
- antibody anti-B in the plasma
- each one of the A,B,0 or AB groups
can be Rh(+), Rh (-)
Agglutinogens and Agglutinins diagram
Table of Agglutinogens and Agglutinins in ABO blood types
Table for Preferred and Permissible Blood types for Transfusion
Agglutination reactions
Diagram of Hemolytic disease in newborns
Acid-base balance
acids – substances that liberate hydrogen ions (H+)
bases – substances that bind hydrogen ions (H+)
pH = concentration of hydrogen ions
pH= - log [H+]
[H+] = 10 ^–7 mol/l
pH = 7
pH Scale Diagram
pH of < 7 , > 7 or = 7
pH = 7 - neutrality
pH < 7 - acidity
pH > 7 - alkalinity
- the lower the pH – the higher acidity
- pH = 8 means that there is 10 times less
hydrogen ions then when pH = 7
Buffer sytems
- cells constantly produce excessive amounts of acids
(hydrogen ions)
-constant pH is vital for the normal function
of metabolic processes in the body
- excessive ions must be neutralized
- blood plays an important role in acid buffering
Buffer systems in the blood:
- phosphate buffer (H2KPO4 <> HK2PO4)
- hydrocarbon buffer (CO2 + H2O = HCO3- + H+)
- hemoglobin buffer
Henderson - Hasselbach formula
pH= pk+log(HCO3^-)/(CO2)
Immunologic defense
- the body must defend itself from microbes
and foreign proteins from the environment
- two kinds of immunity :
- unspecific inborn immunity
- specific acquired immunity
Components of nonspecific defense mechanisms
Unspecific defense
- phagocytes - neutrophils and monocytes
- bacteria enters body tissue
- phagocytes are attracted by chemical substances(migration)
- surrounding and ingesting by phagocytosis
- increased blood flow + increased capillary permeability
for proteins = inflammation
Steps in Inflammation
Specific defense
lymphocytes: T - 70 %, B - 15%, NK - 15%
- first contact with antigen activates both types of lymphocytes
- activated B - lymphocytes multiply giving rise to:
- memory cells - store information about antigens
so production of the antibodies starts faster
during next contact with the same antigen
- plasma cells - specialized in producing immunoglobulins
(antibodies)
- each antigen has its own immunoglobulin
Antibody-mediated immunity diagram
T-lymphocytes and NK- natural killers
T- lymphocytes
- release cytokines that activate B-lymphocytes
- directly kill cells infected by viruses
NK - natural killers
- destroy cancer (neoplastic) cells and cells infected by viruses
Cell-mediated immunity
Acquired Immunity Diagram
Albumins ( Type of Plasma protein)
- account for about 60 % of the plasma proteins
- responsible for maintaining the oncotic pressure of the blood
Globulins (Type of Plasma Protein)
- account for 36 % of plasma proteins
- lipid transport, immune reaction
Fibrinogen (Type of Plasma protein)
- makes up the smallest fraction of plasma proteins
- formation of blood clots
Non-Protein molecules (in plasma)
- uric acid
- waste products
- nutrients
- gases
- electrolytes
Hematocrite
the ratio of morphotic elements to total blood volume
Development of the formed elements
Formed (morphotic) elements: Erythrocytes
- Erythrocytes = red blood cells (RBC)
- 4,5 - 6 millions /mm3
- structure
- hemoglobin
- function – oxygen and carbon dioxide transport
- hemopoiesis (RBC production: the production of blood cells and platelets, which occurs in the bone marrow)
- reticulocytes (an immature red blood cell without a nucleus, having a granular or reticulated appearance when suitably stained
- anemia (is a decrease in the total amount of red blood cells (RBCs) or hemoglobin in the blood, or a lowered ability of the blood to carry oxygen)
Hemoglobin
Graph
Life Cycle of Red Blood Cells and Breakdown of Hemoglobin
Regulation of Erythrocyte Production
Leukocytes = white blood cells (WBC)
- 5 - 9 000 /mm3
Granulocytes
- neutrophils (60-70 % of total WBC)
- eosinophils (2-4%)
- basophils (<1%)
Agranulocytes
- lymphocytes (25-30%)
- monocytes (3-8%)
Platelets = thrombocytes
- 250 000 – 500 000 /mm3
– not cells
– small fragments of very large cells
–megacaryocytes of bone marrow
Formed Elements in the Blood
