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Physiology: 1st yr 2nd sem > Test 3: Blood > Flashcards

Test 3: Blood Flashcards

1
Q

Water Distribution in the Body

A
  • Total body water:
    • females – 50%
    • males – 63% of the body weight
  • ICF – intracellular fluid (>50 % of total body water)
  • ECF – extracellular fluid (about 40 % of total body water)
    • circulating liquids
    • plasma (water, proteins, organic and inorganic compounds)
    • lymph
    • interstitial
    • tissue fluid
  • TCF – transcellular fluid (1% of the body water)
    • cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
    • eyes
    • pleura, peritoneum
    • joints
    • alimentary tract
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2
Q

Functions of the blood: Transport Fuctions

A
  • carries oxygen from the lungs to the cells
  • carries carbon dioxide from tissues to the lungs
  • waste products from tissues to the organs of excretion - kidneys
  • nutrients from the alimentary tract to the cells
  • hormones and vitamins transported to all parts of the body -hormones are stored in the blood
  • connected to plasma proteins
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3
Q

Functions of the Blood: Regulatory Functions

A
  • acid - base balance mechanisms (pH regulation)
  • fluid and electrolyte balance,
  • osmotic and oncotic pressure regulation
  • thermoregulation
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4
Q

Functions of the Blood: Protective Function

A
  • clotting mechanisms prevent fluid loss through
  • hemorrhage when blood vessels are damaged
  • immunologic reactions
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5
Q

Composition of the blood

A
  • plasma
  • formed(morphotic) elements
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6
Q

Plasma

A
  • the liquid portion of the blood
  • 90% water and 10% solutes
  • Major types of plasma proteins:
  • albumins
  • globulins
  • fibrinogen
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7
Q

Blood coagulation

A

Blood coagulation = hemostasis, clotting

multi-step process

  • formation of prothrombin activator
  • conversion of prothrombin into thrombin
  • fibrinogen changing to fibrin
  • calcium and vitamin K are necessary

for successful clot formation

  • after a clot forms it retracts to pull the edges of the wound

together.

  • clot dissolves by fibrinolysis
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8
Q

Homeostasis Diagram

A
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9
Q

Blood groups, blood typing

A
  • specific antigens (aglutinogenes) on RBC
  • specific antibodies (agglutinins) in plasma
  • A - Rh (+)
  • B - Rh (-)

0 (zero)

AB

  • group A - antigen A present on the surface of RBC
  • antibody anti-B in the plasma
  • each one of the A,B,0 or AB groups

can be Rh(+), Rh (-)

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10
Q

Agglutinogens and Agglutinins diagram

A
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11
Q

Table of Agglutinogens and Agglutinins in ABO blood types

A
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12
Q

Table for Preferred and Permissible Blood types for Transfusion

A
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13
Q

Agglutination reactions

A
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14
Q

Diagram of Hemolytic disease in newborns

A
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15
Q

Acid-base balance

A

acids – substances that liberate hydrogen ions (H+)

bases – substances that bind hydrogen ions (H+)

pH = concentration of hydrogen ions

pH= - log [H+]

[H+] = 10 ^–7 mol/l

pH = 7

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16
Q

pH Scale Diagram

A
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17
Q

pH of < 7 , > 7 or = 7

A

pH = 7 - neutrality

pH < 7 - acidity

pH > 7 - alkalinity

  • the lower the pH – the higher acidity
  • pH = 8 means that there is 10 times less

hydrogen ions then when pH = 7

18
Q

Buffer sytems

A
  • cells constantly produce excessive amounts of acids

(hydrogen ions)

-constant pH is vital for the normal function

of metabolic processes in the body

  • excessive ions must be neutralized
  • blood plays an important role in acid buffering

Buffer systems in the blood:

  • phosphate buffer (H2KPO4 <> HK2PO4)
  • hydrocarbon buffer (CO2 + H2O = HCO3- + H+)
  • hemoglobin buffer
19
Q

Henderson - Hasselbach formula

A

pH= pk+log(HCO3^-)/(CO2)

20
Q

Immunologic defense

A
  • the body must defend itself from microbes

and foreign proteins from the environment

  • two kinds of immunity :
  • unspecific inborn immunity
  • specific acquired immunity
21
Q

Components of nonspecific defense mechanisms

A
22
Q

Unspecific defense

A
  • phagocytes - neutrophils and monocytes
  • bacteria enters body tissue
  • phagocytes are attracted by chemical substances(migration)
  • surrounding and ingesting by phagocytosis
  • increased blood flow + increased capillary permeability

for proteins = inflammation

23
Q

Steps in Inflammation

A
24
Q

Specific defense

A

lymphocytes: T - 70 %, B - 15%, NK - 15%
- first contact with antigen activates both types of lymphocytes
- activated B - lymphocytes multiply giving rise to:
- memory cells - store information about antigens

so production of the antibodies starts faster

during next contact with the same antigen

  • plasma cells - specialized in producing immunoglobulins

(antibodies)

  • each antigen has its own immunoglobulin
25
Q

Antibody-mediated immunity diagram

A
26
Q

T-lymphocytes and NK- natural killers

A

T- lymphocytes

  • release cytokines that activate B-lymphocytes
  • directly kill cells infected by viruses

NK - natural killers

  • destroy cancer (neoplastic) cells and cells infected by viruses
27
Q

Cell-mediated immunity

A
28
Q

Acquired Immunity Diagram

A
29
Q

Albumins ( Type of Plasma protein)

A
  • account for about 60 % of the plasma proteins
  • responsible for maintaining the oncotic pressure of the blood
30
Q

Globulins (Type of Plasma Protein)

A
  • account for 36 % of plasma proteins
  • lipid transport, immune reaction
31
Q

Fibrinogen (Type of Plasma protein)

A
  • makes up the smallest fraction of plasma proteins
  • formation of blood clots
32
Q

Non-Protein molecules (in plasma)

A
  • uric acid
  • waste products
  • nutrients
  • gases
  • electrolytes
33
Q

Hematocrite

A

the ratio of morphotic elements to total blood volume

34
Q

Development of the formed elements

A
35
Q

Formed (morphotic) elements: Erythrocytes

A
  • Erythrocytes = red blood cells (RBC)
  • 4,5 - 6 millions /mm3
  • structure
  • hemoglobin
  • function – oxygen and carbon dioxide transport
  • hemopoiesis (RBC production: the production of blood cells and platelets, which occurs in the bone marrow)
  • reticulocytes (an immature red blood cell without a nucleus, having a granular or reticulated appearance when suitably stained
  • anemia (is a decrease in the total amount of red blood cells (RBCs) or hemoglobin in the blood, or a lowered ability of the blood to carry oxygen)
36
Q

Hemoglobin

A
37
Q

Graph

A
38
Q

Life Cycle of Red Blood Cells and Breakdown of Hemoglobin

A
39
Q

Regulation of Erythrocyte Production

A
40
Q

Leukocytes = white blood cells (WBC)

A
  • 5 - 9 000 /mm3

Granulocytes

  • neutrophils (60-70 % of total WBC)
  • eosinophils (2-4%)
  • basophils (<1%)

Agranulocytes

  • lymphocytes (25-30%)
  • monocytes (3-8%)
41
Q

Platelets = thrombocytes

A
  • 250 000 – 500 000 /mm3

– not cells

– small fragments of very large cells

–megacaryocytes of bone marrow

42
Q

Formed Elements in the Blood

A

Physiology: 1st yr 2nd sem (6 decks)

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