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Physiology: 1st yr 2nd sem > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q
  1. Cell
A
  • basic unit of all organisms which can reproduce itself exactly
  • There are about 75 000 000 000 000 (75 x 1012 ) cells in an adult human body
  • 200 types of cells

4 main types: - neurons

  • muscle cells
  • epithelial cells
  • connective tissue cells
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2
Q
  1. Tissue
A
  • collection of cells performing similar functions
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3
Q
  1. Organ
A
  • 2 or more tissues combined to perform particular functions
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4
Q
  1. Epithelial Tissue
A
  • covers the body
  • lines cavities, ducts
  • reproduces quickly
  • tightly packed cells
  • little of matrix
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5
Q
  1. Connective Tissue
A

Pic

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6
Q
  1. Epithelial tissue subtypes
A
  • surface epithelium
  • glandular epithelium
  • sensory epithelium
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7
Q
  1. Functions of the epithelial tissue - examples:
A
  • protection - skin, gastro-intestinal system
  • secretion - glands
  • absorption - gastro-intestinal system
  • excretion - kidneys
  • filtration - kidneys
  • diffusion - lungs
  • sensory reception - olfactory epithelium
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8
Q

8.

A

Simple Epithelium vs. Stratified Epithelium

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9
Q

9.

A

Basement Membrane

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10
Q
A

Transitional Epithelium

Label: Basement Membrane

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11
Q

1) Simple Squamous
2) Simple Cuboidal
3) Simple Columnar
4) Pseudostratified Columnar
5) Stratified Columnar
6) Transitional

A
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12
Q

Glands

2 types of glands?

A
  • unicellular
  • e.x. goblet cells - produce mucus
  • necessary in:
  • digestive
  • respiratory
  • urinary
  • reproductive system
  • multicellular glands
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13
Q

Multicellular glands - structural classification:

A

- simple

- compound

- tubular

- alveolar (acinar)

simple tubular, simple alveolar,

compound tubular, compound alveolar

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14
Q

Classification of glands by types of secretion:

A

- merocrine

- apocrine

- holocrine

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15
Q

Description of merocrine, apocrine, and holocrine

A
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16
Q

Classification of glands – by place of secreting:

A

endocrine - secrete directly to blood stream,

have no ducts

exocrine - secrete to ducts leading to surface

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17
Q
  1. Adipose cells
A

have ability to take up fat - energy storage

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18
Q

7.

A

Squamous, Cuboidal vs. Columnar

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19
Q

69.

A

Plasma cell

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20
Q

70

A

Lymphocytes

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21
Q
  1. Loose(areolar) description and function
A

Description: Collagenous and elastic fibers produced by fibroblasts are embedded in a gel -ike matrix

Function: binds organs together/beneath the skin, between muscles

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22
Q
  1. Adipose tissue description and function
A

Description: cells are filled with fat droplets so that nucleus and cytoplasm are pushed to the periphery; little intercellular matrix

Function: cushions, insulates, stores energy/ beneath the skin and around kidney, heart and eyeballs

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23
Q

10.

A

Simple Squamous Epithelium

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24
Q
  1. Dense fibrous tissue description and function
A

Description: Matrix filled with parallel bundles of of collagenous fibres

Function: binds structures together/tendons and ligaments

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25
Q

15.

A

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

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26
Q
  1. Stratified squamous epithelium subtypes
A
  • keratinized - skin
  • not keratinized - vagina
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27
Q
  1. Osseous(bone) tissue description and function
A

Description: Hard matrix with mineral salts; matrix arranged in lamellae around haversian canal; osteocytes in lacunae.

Function: protects, supports, provides framework/ bones of the skeleton

28
Q

17.

A

Stratified Squamous Epithelium- not keratinized

29
Q

20.

A

Stratified Squamous Epithelium- Keratinized

30
Q

22.

A

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

31
Q
  1. Blood tissue description and function
A

Description: Liquid matrix called plasma with erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets suspended on it.

Function: Transports oxygen, protects against disease, functions in clotting mechanism/ blood vessels and heart

32
Q

24.

A

Simple Columnar Epithelium

33
Q

25.

A

Columnar Epithelium: Microvilli vs. Cilia

34
Q
  1. Elastic tissue description and function
A

Description: Matrix filled with yellow elastic fibers

Function: Elasticity/ vocal cords and ligaments between adjacent vertebrae

35
Q
  1. Hyaline Cartilage description and function
A

Description: Solid matrix with fibres and scattered cell; chondrocytes located in the lacunae

Function: Supports, protects, provides framework/ ends of long bones, connects ribs to the sternum , tracheal rings, fetal skeleton

36
Q

33.

A

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

37
Q
  1. Fibrocartilage tissue description and function
A

Description: Numerous collagenous fibres in matrix

Function: Cushions and protects/intervertebral disks, pads in knee joint, pad between two pubic bones

38
Q

34.

A

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

39
Q
  1. Elastic cartilage description and function
A

Description: Numerous elastic fibers in matrix

Function: Supports and provides framework/external ear, epiglottis, auditory tubes

40
Q
  1. Connective tissue subtypes
A
  • Loose connective tissue
  • Adipose (fat) tissue
  • Dense fibrous connective tissue
  • Cartilage
  • Bone
41
Q
  1. Definition of Loose connective tissue
A
  • soft
  • collagenous and elastic fibers are embedded in a gel-like matrix
  • between muscles, beneath the skin, binds organs together
42
Q
  1. Label the Loose (areolar ) connective tissue
A
  1. Firoblast
  2. Collagenous Fiber
  3. Elastic Fiber
43
Q

75.

A

Loose (areolar) connective tissue

44
Q
  1. Describe Adipose (fat) tissue
A
  • cells are filled with fat droplets so that nucleus and cytoplasm are pushed to the periphery
  • little intercellular matrix
  • cushions, insulates, stores energy
  • beneath the skin, around the kidneys, heart, eyeballs
45
Q
  1. Label the adipose tissue
A
  1. Fat droplet
  2. Nucleus
46
Q
  1. Important digram
A
47
Q
  1. Dense fibrous connective tissue
A
  • matrix filled with paralell bundles of collagenous fibers (greater number, densely packed)
  • binds structures together
  • tendons, ligaments, capsules of organs
48
Q
  1. Label the fibrous connective tissue
A
  1. Fibroblast
  2. Collagenous fibers
49
Q

82.

A

Tendon

50
Q
  1. Supporting connective tissues:

Cartilage and Bone

A

Cartilage

  • hyaline – solid matrix with fibers and scattered cells ,

chondrocytes in lacunae

  • end of long bones, tracheal rings
  • fibrocartilage – numerous collagenous fibers in matrix
  • intervertebral disks
  • elastic – numerous elastic fibers
  • auricle of the ear
51
Q
  1. Hyaline cartilage
A
52
Q
  1. Elastic Cartilage
A
53
Q
  1. Bone (osseus connective tissue)
A
  • hard matrix with mineral salts
  • matrix arranged in lamellae around haversian canal
  • osteocytes in lacunae
54
Q
  1. Compact bone and spongy bone
A

Compact bone

– shafts of long bones, parralell plates of flat bones

  • structural unit – Haversian system
  • Haversian canals
  • Volkmann’s canals
  • matrix arranged in lamellae around Haversian canal

Spongy bone – ends of long bones, center of irregular bones

  • no Haversian system
55
Q
  1. Long bone diagram
A
56
Q
  1. Compact and spongy bone diagram
A
57
Q
  1. Bone marrow
A
58
Q
  1. Compact bone(osseous tissue) diagram
A
59
Q
  1. Bone formation: Intramembranous ossification and Enchondral ossification
A

Intramembranous ossification

  • bones of the skull, clavicule
  • concentration of mesenchyme
  • cells producing collagenous fibers and osteoid
  • later deposition of salts

Enchondral ossification

  • cartilage model
  • formation of primary ossification center
  • blood vessels enter the ossification center
  • formation of secondary ossification center
  • formation of bone marrow cavity
60
Q
  1. Diagram
A
61
Q
  1. Diagram
A
62
Q
  1. Diagram
A
63
Q

Connective tissue does?

A
  • bind structures together
  • form a framework and support for organs
  • store fat
  • cells usually separated by large amount of extracellular
    (nonliving) matrix
  • matrix consists of amorphous jelly

in which are embedded long, slender fibers

64
Q

Connective tissue: Describe Intercellular Matrix and Cells

A
  • intercellular matrix:
  • ground substance
  • fibers: - collagenous
  • yellow (elastic)
  • reticular
  • cells - fibroblasts
  • mast cells
  • macrophages
  • lymphocytes
  • plasma cells
  • eosinophiles
    • reproduces less rapidly than epithelial tissue*
65
Q

What are fibroblasts?

A
  • producing components of the matrix
66
Q

Mast cells:

A
  • promoting inflamation
  • producing heparin, histamine
  • degranulating during contact with antigen
67
Q

Macrophages

A
  • killing bacteria
  • cleaning-up garbage like old cells and foreign particles

Physiology: 1st yr 2nd sem (6 decks)

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