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Physiology: 1st yr 2nd sem > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q
  1. Cell
A
  • basic unit of all organisms which can reproduce itself exactly
  • There are about 75 000 000 000 000 (75 x 1012 ) cells in an adult human body
  • 200 types of cells

4 main types: - neurons

  • muscle cells
  • epithelial cells
  • connective tissue cells
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2
Q
  1. Tissue
A
  • collection of cells performing similar functions
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3
Q
  1. Organ
A
  • 2 or more tissues combined to perform particular functions
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4
Q
  1. Epithelial Tissue
A
  • covers the body
  • lines cavities, ducts
  • reproduces quickly
  • tightly packed cells
  • little of matrix
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5
Q
  1. Connective Tissue
A

Pic

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6
Q
  1. Epithelial tissue subtypes
A
  • surface epithelium
  • glandular epithelium
  • sensory epithelium
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7
Q
  1. Functions of the epithelial tissue - examples:
A
  • protection - skin, gastro-intestinal system
  • secretion - glands
  • absorption - gastro-intestinal system
  • excretion - kidneys
  • filtration - kidneys
  • diffusion - lungs
  • sensory reception - olfactory epithelium
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8
Q

8.

A

Simple Epithelium vs. Stratified Epithelium

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9
Q

9.

A

Basement Membrane

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10
Q
A

Transitional Epithelium

Label: Basement Membrane

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11
Q

1) Simple Squamous
2) Simple Cuboidal
3) Simple Columnar
4) Pseudostratified Columnar
5) Stratified Columnar
6) Transitional

A
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12
Q

Glands

2 types of glands?

A
  • unicellular
  • e.x. goblet cells - produce mucus
  • necessary in:
  • digestive
  • respiratory
  • urinary
  • reproductive system
  • multicellular glands
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13
Q

Multicellular glands - structural classification:

A

- simple

- compound

- tubular

- alveolar (acinar)

simple tubular, simple alveolar,

compound tubular, compound alveolar

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14
Q

Classification of glands by types of secretion:

A

- merocrine

- apocrine

- holocrine

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15
Q

Description of merocrine, apocrine, and holocrine

A
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16
Q

Classification of glands – by place of secreting:

A

endocrine - secrete directly to blood stream,

have no ducts

exocrine - secrete to ducts leading to surface

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17
Q
  1. Adipose cells
A

have ability to take up fat - energy storage

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18
Q

7.

A

Squamous, Cuboidal vs. Columnar

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19
Q

69.

A

Plasma cell

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20
Q

70

A

Lymphocytes

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21
Q
  1. Loose(areolar) description and function
A

Description: Collagenous and elastic fibers produced by fibroblasts are embedded in a gel -ike matrix

Function: binds organs together/beneath the skin, between muscles

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22
Q
  1. Adipose tissue description and function
A

Description: cells are filled with fat droplets so that nucleus and cytoplasm are pushed to the periphery; little intercellular matrix

Function: cushions, insulates, stores energy/ beneath the skin and around kidney, heart and eyeballs

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23
Q

10.

A

Simple Squamous Epithelium

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24
Q
  1. Dense fibrous tissue description and function
A

Description: Matrix filled with parallel bundles of of collagenous fibres

Function: binds structures together/tendons and ligaments

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25
15.
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
26
16. Stratified squamous epithelium subtypes
- keratinized - skin - not keratinized - vagina
27
71. Osseous(bone) tissue description and function
Description: Hard matrix with mineral salts; matrix arranged in lamellae around haversian canal; osteocytes in lacunae. Function: protects, supports, provides framework/ bones of the skeleton
28
17.
Stratified Squamous Epithelium- not keratinized
29
20.
Stratified Squamous Epithelium- Keratinized
30
22.
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
31
71. Blood tissue description and function
Description: Liquid matrix called plasma with erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets suspended on it. Function: Transports oxygen, protects against disease, functions in clotting mechanism/ blood vessels and heart
32
24.
Simple Columnar Epithelium
33
25.
Columnar Epithelium: Microvilli vs. Cilia
34
71. Elastic tissue description and function
Description: Matrix filled with yellow elastic fibers Function: Elasticity/ vocal cords and ligaments between adjacent vertebrae
35
71. Hyaline Cartilage description and function
Description: Solid matrix with fibres and scattered cell; chondrocytes located in the lacunae Function: Supports, protects, provides framework/ ends of long bones, connects ribs to the sternum , tracheal rings, fetal skeleton
36
33.
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
37
72. Fibrocartilage tissue description and function
Description: Numerous collagenous fibres in matrix Function: Cushions and protects/intervertebral disks, pads in knee joint, pad between two pubic bones
38
34.
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
39
71. Elastic cartilage description and function
Description: Numerous elastic fibers in matrix Function: Supports and provides framework/external ear, epiglottis, auditory tubes
40
72. Connective tissue subtypes
- Loose connective tissue - Adipose (fat) tissue - Dense fibrous connective tissue - Cartilage - Bone
41
73. Definition of Loose connective tissue
- soft - collagenous and elastic fibers are embedded in a gel-like matrix - between muscles, beneath the skin, binds organs together
42
74. Label the Loose (areolar ) connective tissue
1. Firoblast 2. Collagenous Fiber 3. Elastic Fiber
43
75.
Loose (areolar) connective tissue
44
76. Describe Adipose (fat) tissue
- cells are filled with fat droplets so that nucleus and cytoplasm are pushed to the periphery - little intercellular matrix - cushions, insulates, stores energy - beneath the skin, around the kidneys, heart, eyeballs
45
77. Label the adipose tissue
1. Fat droplet 2. Nucleus
46
78. Important digram
47
80. Dense fibrous connective tissue
- matrix filled with paralell bundles of collagenous fibers (greater number, densely packed) - binds structures together - tendons, ligaments, capsules of organs
48
81. Label the fibrous connective tissue
1. Fibroblast 2. Collagenous fibers
49
82.
Tendon
50
83. Supporting connective tissues: Cartilage and Bone
Cartilage - hyaline – solid matrix with fibers and scattered cells , chondrocytes in lacunae - end of long bones, tracheal rings - fibrocartilage – numerous collagenous fibers in matrix - intervertebral disks - elastic – numerous elastic fibers - auricle of the ear
51
84. Hyaline cartilage
52
86. Elastic Cartilage
53
87. Bone (osseus connective tissue)
- hard matrix with mineral salts - matrix arranged in lamellae around haversian canal - osteocytes in lacunae
54
87. Compact bone and spongy bone
Compact bone – shafts of long bones, parralell plates of flat bones - structural unit – Haversian system - Haversian canals - Volkmann’s canals - matrix arranged in lamellae around Haversian canal Spongy bone – ends of long bones, center of irregular bones - no Haversian system
55
88. Long bone diagram
56
89. Compact and spongy bone diagram
57
90. Bone marrow
58
91. Compact bone(osseous tissue) diagram
59
92. Bone formation: Intramembranous ossification and Enchondral ossification
Intramembranous ossification - bones of the skull, clavicule - concentration of mesenchyme - cells producing collagenous fibers and osteoid - later deposition of salts Enchondral ossification - cartilage model - formation of primary ossification center - blood vessels enter the ossification center - formation of secondary ossification center - formation of bone marrow cavity
60
93. Diagram
61
94. Diagram
62
95. Diagram
63
Connective tissue does?
- bind structures together - form a framework and support for organs - store fat - cells usually separated by large amount of extracellular (nonliving) matrix - matrix consists of amorphous jelly in which are embedded long, slender fibers
64
**Connective tissue: Describe Intercellular Matrix and Cells**
- intercellular matrix: - ground substance - fibers: - collagenous - yellow (elastic) - reticular - cells - fibroblasts - mast cells - macrophages - lymphocytes - plasma cells - eosinophiles * - reproduces less rapidly than epithelial tissue*
65
**What are fibroblasts?**
- producing components of the matrix
66
**Mast cells:**
- promoting inflamation - producing heparin, histamine - degranulating during contact with antigen
67
**Macrophages**
- killing bacteria - cleaning-up garbage like old cells and foreign particles

Physiology: 1st yr 2nd sem (6 decks)

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