Test 1 Flashcards
- Cell
- basic unit of all organisms which can reproduce itself exactly
- There are about 75 000 000 000 000 (75 x 1012 ) cells in an adult human body
- 200 types of cells
4 main types: - neurons
- muscle cells
- epithelial cells
- connective tissue cells
- Tissue
- collection of cells performing similar functions
- Organ
- 2 or more tissues combined to perform particular functions
- Epithelial Tissue
- covers the body
- lines cavities, ducts
- reproduces quickly
- tightly packed cells
- little of matrix
- Connective Tissue
Pic
- Epithelial tissue subtypes
- surface epithelium
- glandular epithelium
- sensory epithelium
- Functions of the epithelial tissue - examples:
- protection - skin, gastro-intestinal system
- secretion - glands
- absorption - gastro-intestinal system
- excretion - kidneys
- filtration - kidneys
- diffusion - lungs
- sensory reception - olfactory epithelium
8.
Simple Epithelium vs. Stratified Epithelium
9.
Basement Membrane
Transitional Epithelium
Label: Basement Membrane
1) Simple Squamous
2) Simple Cuboidal
3) Simple Columnar
4) Pseudostratified Columnar
5) Stratified Columnar
6) Transitional
Glands
2 types of glands?
- unicellular
- e.x. goblet cells - produce mucus
- necessary in:
- digestive
- respiratory
- urinary
- reproductive system
- multicellular glands
Multicellular glands - structural classification:
- simple
- compound
- tubular
- alveolar (acinar)
simple tubular, simple alveolar,
compound tubular, compound alveolar
Classification of glands by types of secretion:
- merocrine
- apocrine
- holocrine
Description of merocrine, apocrine, and holocrine
Classification of glands – by place of secreting:
endocrine - secrete directly to blood stream,
have no ducts
exocrine - secrete to ducts leading to surface
- Adipose cells
have ability to take up fat - energy storage
7.
Squamous, Cuboidal vs. Columnar
69.
Plasma cell
70
Lymphocytes
- Loose(areolar) description and function
Description: Collagenous and elastic fibers produced by fibroblasts are embedded in a gel -ike matrix
Function: binds organs together/beneath the skin, between muscles
- Adipose tissue description and function
Description: cells are filled with fat droplets so that nucleus and cytoplasm are pushed to the periphery; little intercellular matrix
Function: cushions, insulates, stores energy/ beneath the skin and around kidney, heart and eyeballs
10.
Simple Squamous Epithelium
- Dense fibrous tissue description and function
Description: Matrix filled with parallel bundles of of collagenous fibres
Function: binds structures together/tendons and ligaments
15.
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
- Stratified squamous epithelium subtypes
- keratinized - skin
- not keratinized - vagina
- Osseous(bone) tissue description and function
Description: Hard matrix with mineral salts; matrix arranged in lamellae around haversian canal; osteocytes in lacunae.
Function: protects, supports, provides framework/ bones of the skeleton
17.
Stratified Squamous Epithelium- not keratinized
20.
Stratified Squamous Epithelium- Keratinized
22.
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
- Blood tissue description and function
Description: Liquid matrix called plasma with erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets suspended on it.
Function: Transports oxygen, protects against disease, functions in clotting mechanism/ blood vessels and heart
24.
Simple Columnar Epithelium
25.
Columnar Epithelium: Microvilli vs. Cilia
- Elastic tissue description and function
Description: Matrix filled with yellow elastic fibers
Function: Elasticity/ vocal cords and ligaments between adjacent vertebrae
- Hyaline Cartilage description and function
Description: Solid matrix with fibres and scattered cell; chondrocytes located in the lacunae
Function: Supports, protects, provides framework/ ends of long bones, connects ribs to the sternum , tracheal rings, fetal skeleton
33.
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
- Fibrocartilage tissue description and function
Description: Numerous collagenous fibres in matrix
Function: Cushions and protects/intervertebral disks, pads in knee joint, pad between two pubic bones
34.
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
- Elastic cartilage description and function
Description: Numerous elastic fibers in matrix
Function: Supports and provides framework/external ear, epiglottis, auditory tubes
- Connective tissue subtypes
- Loose connective tissue
- Adipose (fat) tissue
- Dense fibrous connective tissue
- Cartilage
- Bone
- Definition of Loose connective tissue
- soft
- collagenous and elastic fibers are embedded in a gel-like matrix
- between muscles, beneath the skin, binds organs together
- Label the Loose (areolar ) connective tissue
- Firoblast
- Collagenous Fiber
- Elastic Fiber
75.
Loose (areolar) connective tissue
- Describe Adipose (fat) tissue
- cells are filled with fat droplets so that nucleus and cytoplasm are pushed to the periphery
- little intercellular matrix
- cushions, insulates, stores energy
- beneath the skin, around the kidneys, heart, eyeballs
- Label the adipose tissue
- Fat droplet
- Nucleus
- Important digram
- Dense fibrous connective tissue
- matrix filled with paralell bundles of collagenous fibers (greater number, densely packed)
- binds structures together
- tendons, ligaments, capsules of organs
- Label the fibrous connective tissue
- Fibroblast
- Collagenous fibers
82.
Tendon
- Supporting connective tissues:
Cartilage and Bone
Cartilage
- hyaline – solid matrix with fibers and scattered cells ,
chondrocytes in lacunae
- end of long bones, tracheal rings
- fibrocartilage – numerous collagenous fibers in matrix
- intervertebral disks
- elastic – numerous elastic fibers
- auricle of the ear
- Hyaline cartilage
- Elastic Cartilage
- Bone (osseus connective tissue)
- hard matrix with mineral salts
- matrix arranged in lamellae around haversian canal
- osteocytes in lacunae
- Compact bone and spongy bone
Compact bone
– shafts of long bones, parralell plates of flat bones
- structural unit – Haversian system
- Haversian canals
- Volkmann’s canals
- matrix arranged in lamellae around Haversian canal
Spongy bone – ends of long bones, center of irregular bones
- no Haversian system
- Long bone diagram
- Compact and spongy bone diagram
- Bone marrow
- Compact bone(osseous tissue) diagram
- Bone formation: Intramembranous ossification and Enchondral ossification
Intramembranous ossification
- bones of the skull, clavicule
- concentration of mesenchyme
- cells producing collagenous fibers and osteoid
- later deposition of salts
Enchondral ossification
- cartilage model
- formation of primary ossification center
- blood vessels enter the ossification center
- formation of secondary ossification center
- formation of bone marrow cavity
- Diagram
- Diagram
- Diagram
Connective tissue does?
- bind structures together
- form a framework and support for organs
- store fat
- cells usually separated by large amount of extracellular
(nonliving) matrix - matrix consists of amorphous jelly
in which are embedded long, slender fibers
Connective tissue: Describe Intercellular Matrix and Cells
- intercellular matrix:
- ground substance
- fibers: - collagenous
- yellow (elastic)
- reticular
- cells - fibroblasts
- mast cells
- macrophages
- lymphocytes
- plasma cells
- eosinophiles
- reproduces less rapidly than epithelial tissue*
What are fibroblasts?
- producing components of the matrix
Mast cells:
- promoting inflamation
- producing heparin, histamine
- degranulating during contact with antigen
Macrophages
- killing bacteria
- cleaning-up garbage like old cells and foreign particles
