Test 3 - Beall Flashcards

1
Q

What are the hallmarks of aging as described in the lecture and the recommended reading?

A
  1. Altered intercellular communication
  2. Genomic instability
  3. Telomere attrition
  4. Epigenetic alterations
  5. Loss of proteostasis
  6. Deregulated nutrient sensing
  7. Mitochondrial dysfunction
  8. Cellular senescence
  9. Stem cell exhaustion
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2
Q

What are the 2 forms of Alzheimers disease that were discussed?

A

Amyloid plaques and Neurofibrillary tangles

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3
Q

What genes and proteins have been found, and what does that say about the mechanisms of disease?

A

Amyloid plaques - Beta-amyloid peptide (extracellular)

Neurofibrillary tangles - Tau Protein (intracellular)

More evidence for the tangle theory

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4
Q

What is the Hayflick limit?

A

It describes the fact that somatic cells have a limited ability to replicate in culture

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5
Q

What are telomeres?

What is telomere attrition?

A

Structures at the ends of chromosomes.

Chromosomes get shorter and shorter because there is no DNA for another priming event. Due to lack of telomerase.

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6
Q

What can explain the Hayflick limit?

A

Telomere attrition

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7
Q

What does Telomerase contain?

A

RNA and Reverse Transcriptase

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8
Q

What pathways are proposed for nutrient sensing?

A

IGF-1 and Insulin pathways

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9
Q

How can IGF-1 and Insulin pathways thought to explain the anti-aging effects of caloric restriction?

A

An increase in AMPK and Sirt1 by dietary restriction are believed to inhibit mTOR which is believed to stimulate an aging process

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10
Q

What is progeroid syndrome?

A

Genetic disease with premature aging

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11
Q

What is Werner’s and Blooms syndrome?

A

Mutations in DNA helicases involved in repair

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12
Q

What is Hutchinson-Gilford syndrome?

A

Mutation in prelamin A

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13
Q

Explain genetic instability

A

DNA repair activity correlates with longevity

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14
Q

What is the free radical theory of aging?

A

Free radicals induce proteins that result in AGEs and ALEs

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15
Q

What is the evidence against the free radical theory?

A

Anti-oxidants are essential, but do not extend life. If free radicals were causing aging, would anti-oxidants extend life?

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