Test 3 Assessment of Nervous System (Neuro AP) Flashcards
Brain (_____):
What are the Protective Layers of the Brain?
Protective layers:
- Scalp
- Skull
- Meninges (covers brain and spinal cord
In the scalp, which layer contains the blood vessels?
What happens when this layer is injured?
- Middle Layer
- The blood vessels contract poorly when injured.
What are the 4 bones of the Skull?
Frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital
What is a fossae?
Fossae (Indentions inside the skull)
- 3 depressions in the base of the skull
- Anterior, middle, posterior
In the fossae, what is contained in the:
Anterior?
Middle?
Posterior?
- Anterior contains the frontal lobes.
- Middle contains the temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes,
- Posterior contains the brain stem and the cerebellum
What are the layers of the meninges in order from outermost- to innermost- layer?
What are significant points about each layer?
Meninges:
- Dura mater: Directly beneath the skull, consists of two layers. The outermost adheres to the skull. The inner layer extends into the cranial space.
- Arachnoid membrane: delicate, fragile membrane that surrounds the brain. Below this is the subarachnoid space which consists of a fine web-like structure that connects to the pia mater. CSF and cerebral arteries and veins are located here.
- Pia mater: The INNERMOST portion of the meninges, it follows all of the folds and convolutions of the brain’s surface.
What are the divisions of the brain (with the subdivisions, if applicable)?
Which is the major part of the brain?
Divisions of the brain:
- Cerebrum (Major part of the brain)
- Telencephalon (2 cerebral hemispheres) joined by the corpus callosum (to make connection)
- Brain Stem
- Midbrain
- Pons
- Medulla
*Cerebellum (Back of the brain)
What are the frontal lobes responsible for?
What are 8 functions that fall under this responsibility?
Frontal lobes:
***Responsible for higher cognitive functions.
These include:
- Voluntary eye movement
- Access to current sensory data
- Access to past information or experience
- Affective response to a situation
- Regulates behavior based on judgment and foresight
- Judgement
- Ability to develop long term goals
- Reasoning, concentration, abstraction
What strip correlates to the frontal lobe, and which side of the body is effected?
What is located in the inferior frontal gyrus?
What is this responsible for?
What will damage here cause?
***“MOTOR STRIP” for opposite side of body.
- **Broca’s area: located in the inferior frontal gyrus is responsible for the motor aspects of speech.
- Damage to left –> Damage to right Side (and vice versa)
***Damage here will cause EXPRESSIVE APHASIA (cannot make the words out with mouth, but I understand what I want to say)
What are the parietal lobes responsible for?
What are 8 functions that fall under this responsibility?
Where does the parietal lobe receive data from?
Parietal Lobes:
***Responsible for Understanding sensation, texture, size, shape and spatial relationships.
***Receives data from the skin (Pain, heat, cold, pressure).
What strip correlates to the parietal lobes, and which side of the body is effected?
What is this responsible for?
What type of person would this be important to have functioning properly?
***“SENSORY STRIP” for the opposite of the body.
Awareness of position in space.
***Processes sensory and SPATIAL AWARENESS
Key component in EYE-HAND COORDINATION and arm movement.
PLAYS a ROLE in our SENSATIONS of TOUCH, SMELL, and TASTE.
***When someone is a musician, this is important.
What are the temporal lobes responsible for?
What are other responsibilities of the temporal lobes?
Temporal Lobes:
***Auditory center for sound interpretation
-Seizures! (Auditory, visual and sensory hallucinations)
-Special senses of taste and smell
-Vestibular sense
-Interpretative area…integrates sounds, thoughts and emotions
(memory, understanding music, aggressiveness, and sexual behavior.)
What is located in the Temporal Lobe?
What can happen if this is damaged, and what does this mean?
***Wernicke’s Area for Speech
***Damage can cause RECEPTIVE APHASIA, which means you cannot understand and sounds like a different language to you.
What are the Occipital Lobes responsible for?
What can happen if this is damaged?
Occipital Lobes:
- **Responsible for Vision!
- Visual recognition of objects
- Reading comprehension
***Damage here will cause blindness.
What does the Limbic Lobes regulate?
What is this involved in the formation of?
What is this closely associated with?
***Limbic System regulates emotion and memory.
***Involved in the formation of long-term memory.
***Closely associated with the olfactory structures.
Where is the diencephalon located?
What does it connect?
What does it enclose and contain?
Diencephalon:
***Located in the posterior part of the forebrain.
***Connects the midbrain with the cerebral hemispheres.
***Encloses the third ventricle, and contains the thalamus and hypothalamus.
What parts of the brain are contained in the diencephalon?
Diencephalon contains:
- Epithalamus & pineal gland
- Thalamus
- Hypothalamus
- Pituitary gland
What does Thalamus mean?
Where does it sit?
What is the thalamus called?
Thalamus:
***Thalamus means “inner room”
***It sits deep in the brain at the top of the brainstem.
***The thalamus is called the “Gateway to the Cerebral Cortex,” as nearly all sensory inputs pass through it to the higher levels of the brain.
Where is the hypothalamus located?
What does the hypothalamus form parts of?
What does the hypothalamus interconnect?
Hypothalmus:
***Located in the b
asal region of the diencephalon
***Forms part of the walls of the third ventricle
***Interconnects with the limbic system, midbrain, thalamus, & pituitary gland
What does the hypothalamus regulate?
What hormone is secreted from the pituitary gland?
Hypothalamus:
Regulates:
- Temperature regulation
- Food and water intake
- Behavior
What are the 3 components of the brain stem structure?
What is located in the brainstem that is very important?
- Midbrain
- Pon
- Medella
The respiratory center is located in the pons and medulla of the brainstem.
Where is the cerebellum located?
Cerebellum:
***Located at the rear of the cerebrum, and above the brain stem.
***Takes over the learned, repetitive tasks (riding a bike), while voluntary motor activity is located in the motor cortex.
***It influences muscle tone associated with EQUILIBRIUM, orientation in space, locomotion, and posture.
What does the cerebellum help provide?
What term would be associated with a problem in the cerebellum?
***The Cerebellum helps provide smooth, coordinated body movements.
***Ataxic (think cerebellum):
LACK of Muscle Coordination
How would the brain be determined normal on a CT scan (slice of the brain):
- Longitudinal fissure?
- Ventricles?
- What would a backup of fluid look like?
- Fissures should be?
***Longitudinal fissure should be MIDLINE = No pressure on either side
***Lateral ventricles should be EQUAL in size.
***Increased size of ventricles from a backup of fluid.
***Fissures should be wrinkled (Smoothness = Pressure= BAD)
Physical examination: TERMS
A patient responds immediately to minimal external stimuli.
Alert