Test 3 Flashcards by Hunter Dunaway

What are the types of variability present on a fetal heart strip?

Absent
Minimal
Moderate
Marked

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What are risk factors for preterm labor?

What is used to stop preterm labor?

Age 
UTI
Diabetes 
Obesity
Drug use 
Stress

Terbutaline is used to stop preterm labor

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What is a side effect of terbutaline?

Hypotension
Rash
Seizures
Tachypnea

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What age groups are at risk for complications during pregnancy?

<17

>30

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What are some signs and symptoms of Preeclampsia/eclampsia?

What are the treatments for this?

Increased blood pressure after 20 weeks
BP usually greater than or equal to 140/90
If 160/110 it is considered preeclampsia with severe features
Accompanied by proteinuria or other signs of preeclampsia

Eclampsia is considered Preeclampsia + as it has the presence of grand mal seizures

Treaments would include bedrest, lateral positioning, careful monitoring, and quiet environment, magnesium sulfate for seizure prevention, antihypertensive medication.
The only real cure would be delivery

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What is gestational diabetes and what are some complications of this disease?

How is this disease treated?

Gestational diabetes is decreased glucose tolerance with the onset of pregnancy
Patient has an increased risk of HTN
Patient could have a spontaneous abortion
Fetus could have congenital abnormalities
Macrosomia (large infant)
Delayed lung maturity
Neonatal hypoglycemia

Treated through diet management, glucose monitoring, insulin, and exercise

Infant should be monitored for hypoglycemia after birth and a shoulder dystocia could occur

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How is a prolapsed chord treated?

Counter pressure must be applied (pushing up on the fetal head until delivered)
THIS IS AN EMERGENCY SITUATION

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What is occurring for labor to be considered preterm labor?

Cervical changes and regular uterine contractions between 20-37 weeks

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What is retinopathy?

Condition where there is a separation and fibrosis of the retina which can lead to blindness

Caused by too high oxygen levels in an infant

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What is intraventricular hemorrhage?

What are some risk factors?

Hemorrhage inside the ventricles in an infants brain

Prematurity increases the likeliness as premature vessels bleed more easily

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What is placental abruption?

What are some signs and symptoms?

Premature separation of the placenta from the uterine wall before delivery
MEDICAL EMERGENCY

Bleeding
Abdominal pain
Signs of shock
Rigid abdomen

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What are some risk factors of abruptio placentae?

What are some treatments?

Cocaine or alcohol use
Smoking
HTN
Poor nutrition

Emergency C-section
Often need blood and clotting factors

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What is placenta previa?

Occurs when the placenta develops close to or over the cervix

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What is placenta previa?

What are some signs and symptoms?

Occurs when the placenta develops close to or over the cervix

Painless bleeding (this is what distinguishes previa from abruptio)

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What is an amniotic fluid embolism?

How is this treated?

Amniotic fluid embolisms are the presence of an embolus composed of amniotic fluid along with particulate matter (such as vernix, lanugo, meconium, and other fetal cells) that enters the maternal circulation and causes acute respiratory distress, cardiovascular collapse, severe coagulopathy, shock, and death

O2, Support cardiac function, Fluid and blood replacement, low dose heparin, bronchodilators, steroids

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What are some signs and symptoms of Preeclampsia/eclampsia?

What are the treatments for this?

Eclampsia is considered Preeclampsia + as it has the presence of grand mal seizures

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What is gestational diabetes and what are some complications of this disease?

How is this disease treated?

Treated through diet management, glucose monitoring, insulin, and exercise

Infant should be monitored for hypoglycemia after birth and a shoulder dystocia could occur

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How is a prolapsed chord treated?

Counter pressure must be applied (pushing up on the fetal head until delivered)
THIS IS AN EMERGENCY SITUATION

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What is occurring for labor to be considered preterm labor?

Cervical changes and regular uterine contractions between 20-37 weeks

What is placental abruption?

What are some signs and symptoms?

Premature separation of the placenta from the uterine wall before delivery
MEDICAL EMERGENCY

Bleeding
Abdominal pain
Signs of shock
Rigid abdomen

What are some risk factors of abruptio placentae?

What are some treatments?

Cocaine or alcohol use
Smoking
HTN
Poor nutrition

Emergency C-section
Often need blood and clotting factors

What is placenta previa?

What are some signs and symptoms?

Occurs when the placenta develops close to or over the cervix

Painless bleeding (this is what distinguishes previa from abruptio) 
Signs of shock if severe

What are the different types of placenta previa?

Partial- partially covering cervix
Complete- covers entire cervix
Low lying- very close to the cervix (with this type the patient can deliver vaginally)

What is diabetes insipidus?

Diabetes insipidus is a disease characterized by excessive urination caused by under secretion of ADH

Treated by Vasopressin or DDAVP

What is SIADH?

SIADH is a disease in which there is over secretion of ADH causing the patient to have fluid retention from absence of voiding Treated by mannitol or other diuretics

What is hypothyroidism?

Characterized by decreased levels of T3 and T4 and increased levels of TSH Symptoms will include hair loss, intolerance to cold, lethargy, anorexia, etc. Treated with Synthroid

What is hyperthyroidism?

Characterized by increased levels of T3 and T4 and decreased levels of TSH Symptoms will include high metabolism, weight loss, bulging eyes, enlarged thyroid Treated through radioactive iodine and surgical removal of thyroid (removal of thyroid will result in hypothyroidism)

What is myxedema coma?

Severe hypothyroidism resulting in a decompensated mental state and mental status change Non pitting edema will form, bradycardia, cool extremities, poor appetite, enlarged thyroid Treat with levothyroxine, hydrocortisone, supporting airway and rewarming

What is thyroid storm?

Thyroid storm is caused by untreated hyperthyroidism and is a life-threatening emergency Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, confusion, coma Treated with antipyretics (not aspirin), Maintain ABC, cooling blanket

What should be done after a thyroid surgery?

``` Bleeding should be monitored Airway should be maintained Patient should be informed to only talk in whispers Trach set should be readily available Incision should be monitored ```

What are some abnormal labs of hypoparathyroidism? Signs that there is an abnormal lab?

Low calcium High phosphate Low blood pressure Trousseaus and Chvostek sign is done to check for low calcium

What are some abnormal labs of hyperparathyroidism? Signs and symptoms of hyperparathyroidism?

High calcium Low phosphate Hypertension Cardiac dysrhythmias Kidney stones Fractures Weight loss

Signs of Addison's disease?

``` Bronze pigmentation of skin Hypoglycemia Postural hypotension Weight loss Changes in distribution of hair GI disturbances Weakness ```

What are some signs of Addisonian crisis? What is used to treat Addisonian crisis?

``` Low sodium High potassium Hypoglycemia Shock Weakness Hypotension ``` Treat with glucocorticoid Oral steroids after crisis is resolved Teach about rest and avoiding infection

What is Cushing's syndrome? What are some signs and symptoms of Cushing's disease?

Cushing's syndrome is a disorder of the adrenal gland that causes excessive secretions of cortisol or adrenocorticotropic or both at the same time. Cushing's can be caused by excessive use of steroids ``` Moon face Buffalo hump Hypokalemia Water retention Hyperglycemia Purple striae Osteoporosis Slow wound healing ```

What is a treatment for Cushing's disease?

Radiation Medication Surgery

What is DKA? What are some signs and symptoms of DKA?

Diabetic keto acidosis is found only in type 1 diabetics Is precipitated by infection Patient goes into ketoacidosis Usual ages are 20-29 years old ``` Fruity breath Kussmaul breathing Ketones in urine Blood sugar exceeding 250 Metabolic acidosis ```

How is DKA treated?

Insulin therapy | Fluid replacement

What is HHS? What are some signs and symptoms of HHS?

Present in type 2 diabetics Severe life threatening illness Nonketoic Age range 57-70 years primarily Blood sugar above 600 Excessive thirst High urine output Blurred vision

How is HHS treated?

Treat dehydration and infuse electrolytes | IV insulin

What is meningitis?

Meningitis is the infection of the cerebral spinal fluid and is either viral, bacteria, parasitic, protists, amoebic, or fungal Can also be caused by autoimmune disorders such as lupus

How is meningitis diagnosed?

Lumbar puncture

How is meningitis treated?

Viral meningitis is not treated and it resolves on its own | Bacterial is treated with antibiotics and is deadly if left untreated

What is Guillain barre syndrome? What are some signs and symptoms?

Guillain barre syndrome is a disorder that begins in the lower extremities and progresses upwards bilaterally Frequently preceded by a mild respiratory or intestinal infection Possible autoimmune disorder Weakness Ataxia Bilateral paresthesia progressing to paralysis

What are some ways to treat guillain barre syndrome?

``` Plasmapheresis IV immunoglobin Pain meds Anticoagulants PT ```