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Nursing 211 > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Atrial flutter

A

can be caused by drugs, coronary artery disease, abnormal heart valves, or a change in electrical impulses through the heart

Blood clots are a concern

treated with antiarrhythmics, beta blockers, and anticoagulants

If medications dont work cardioversion can be done in order to restore the rhythm or catheter ablation which uses radiation to scar the area where the electrical impulses are coming from

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2
Q

Risk factors for Heart Failure

A 
Previous heart attacks
Coronary artery disease
Hypertension
Arrhythmias
Heart valve disease 
Cardiomyopathy 
Congenital heart defects 
Alcohol and drug abuse
Hemochromatosis
Cardiomyopathy
Myocarditis
Pericarditis
Endocarditis
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3
Q

What is pericardial effusion?

A

Pericardial effusion is the buildup of fluid in the pericardium

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4
Q

What are the two types of valvular heart disease?

A

Stenosis

Regurgitant

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5
Q

What is valvular heart disease of the stenosis kind?

A

Narrowing of valve opening
Impedes forward blood flow
Reduces cardiac output

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6
Q

What is valvular heart disease of the regurgitant kind?

A

Incomplete closure of the heart valve
Allows backwards blood flow
Causes chamber enlargement
Reduced cardiac output

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7
Q

What are the general effects of valvular heart disease?

A 
Volumes and pressures in chambers increase 
Chambers enlarge
Myocardial hypotrophies
Murmurs develop due to turbulent flow 
L&R heart failure
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8
Q

How do you manage valvular heart disease

A 
Limit physical activity
Sodium restriction
Diuretics
Digoxin
Nitrates
Ace inhibitors
Valve replacement
Prophylactic antibiotics
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9
Q

What medication is PT/INR used to monitor?

What are the normal ranges and therapeutic ranges of PT/INR?

A

PT/INR is used to monitor the effects of warfarin/coumadin therapy
Normal ranges for PT is 10-12 seconds
Normal ranges for INR is 1.1 seconds
Therapeutic ranges for INR will be 2-3 seconds

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10
Q

What medication is monitored with aPTT/PTT?

What are the normal ranges for aPTT/PTT?

A

aPTT/PTT is used to monitor the effects of heparin therapy
Normal ranges for aPTT is 30-40 seconds
Normal ranges for PTT is 60-70 seconds

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11
Q

What is a normal CVP?

A

Normal CVP is 2 to 6 mm HG

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12
Q

What are some s/s of sepsis?

A 
Leukocytosis >12000 WBC
Leukopenia <4000 WBC
Acute oliguria 
INR >1.5 or PTT >60
Paralytic ileus 
Arterial hypoxemia 
Shivering 
Pain 
Paleness 
SOB
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13
Q

What are some causes of multiple organ dysfunction?

A

Trauma
Perfusion
Infection

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14
Q

How would a patient with multiple organ dysfunction be treated?

A

Focus care on effected organs and maintaining functionality
Intubate client
Give O2 until lactate levels return to normal

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15
Q

What is DIC?

A

Disseminated intravascular coagulation is where excessive clotting is formed in the blood vessels

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16
Q

What can occur to cause DIC?

A

Infections
Trauma
Obstetrical
Snake bites
Overstimulation of the normal coagulation process
Thrombosis and fibrinolysis are magnified to life-threatening proportions

17
Q

How is DIC treated?

A

Immediate treatment of underlying cause (i.e. infection, snakebites)
Heparin (use cautiously as it can cause bleeding in patients with cranial injuries)
Antifibrinolytic agents

18
Q

What are some signs of MODS?

A

S/s of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome are:
Brain swelling and ischemia
Cardiovascular instability
Vena caval flattening
Increased peak pressure/ difficult ventilation and oxygenation
Anuria/ acute renal failure
Increased gut ischemia, impending necrosis
Further worsening of acidosis

Nursing 211 (3 decks)

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