Test 3 Flashcards
(106 cards)
1
Q
dorsal vs ventral
A
back vs belly
Dorsal: toward the back of the body
Ventral: toward the underside of the body
2
Q
anterior/cranial vs posterior/caudal
A
head vs tail
Anterior/cranial: toward the head end of the body
Posterior/caudal: toward the tail end of the body
3
Q
proximal vs distal
A
distance to the trunk
proximal: closer to the trunk
distal: farther from the trunk
4
Q
superficial vs deep
A
outer or inner layer
superficial: closer to body surface
deep: lying underneath the surface
5
Q
cranial region
A
head area
6
Q
thoracic region
A
trunk area
7
Q
caudal/abdominal region
A
tail area
8
Q
oral cavity
A
space behind the teeth/gums
9
Q
nasophaynx
A
part of your pharynx (throat) at the top that leads to external nares (nostrils)
10
Q
glottis
A
opening to the larynx, trachea, and lungs
11
Q
epiglottis
A
flap that covers glottis when swallowing food. can open/close glottis
12
Q
esophagus
A
smooth muscle tube that carries food from mouth to stomach
13
Q
stomach
A
digests food
14
Q
the 3 organs that aid the stomach in digestion are
A
the liver, gallbladder and pancreas
15
Q
liver
A
filters out toxins from the blood and produces bile
16
Q
gallbladder
A
stores bile and contains bile salts that help break down fats
17
Q
pancreas
A
produces digestive enzymes and hormones that aid in digestion
18
Q
small intestines
A
break down and absorb nutrients
19
Q
large intestine/colon
A
absorbs water
20
Q
digestive system pathway
A
oral cavity to esophagus to stomach to small intestine to large intestine
21
Q
purpose of circulatory/cardiovascular system
A
to transport nutrients and oxygen to and from cells through the blood
22
Q
production of blood cells occurs in the
A
bone marrow (mostly) and some in spleen
23
Q
spleen
A
stores blood cells until they are needed
24
Q
pericardial membrane
A
surrounds and protects the heart
25
4 chambers of the heart
right atrium, left atrium, right ventricle, left ventricle
26
atriums
collect blood
27
ventricles
pump blood out. so they are v muscular which allows them to do so
28
coronary arteries
the heart supplies itself with oxygenated blood through the coronary arteries
29
valves
prevent the backflow of blood
30
tricuspid valve
between the right atrium and the right ventricle. prevents blood from flowing back to the right ventricle.
31
bicuspid valve
between the left atrium and left ventricle. prevents blood from flowing back to the left atrium.
32
pulmonary semilunar valve
between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk. prevents blood from flowing back to the right ventricle
33
aortic semilunar valve
between the left ventricle and the aorta, prevents blood from flowing back to the left ventricle
34
arteries carry blood __ the heart ____
away from the heart to tissues throughout the body
35
veins carry blood __ the heart _______
to the heart from the body's tissues
36
capillaries
exchange items of transport between vessels and tissues (i.e. lung capillaries, small intestine capillaries, kidney capillaries.)
37
the circulatory system is divided into ___ circuits. they are:
2 circuits: the pulmonary circuit (involves blood flow between the heart and the lungs) and the systemic circuit (involves blood flow between the heart and tissues throughout the body)
38
passageway of blood through the circulatory system
The RIGHT ATRIA collects deoxygenated blood and sends it to the RIGHT VENTRICLE, which pumps the deoxygenated blood to the PULMONARY TRUNK, which passes the deoxygenated blood to the PULMONARY ARTERIES, which passes the deoxygenated blood to the LUNG CAPILLARIES, which exchanges oxygen from the cells in the lungs into the blood, forming oxygenated blood. The PULMONARY VEINS pass the oxygenated blood to the LEFT ATRIA, which collects the oxygenated blood and sends it to the LEFT VENTRICLE, which pumps the oxygenated blood to the AORTA, the largest artery, which passes the oxygenated blood to arteries throughout the body, which pass the oxygenated blood to the TISSUE CAPILLARIES, which exchange oxygen from the blood into the tissues, leaving the blood deoxygenated. Veins pass the deoxygenated blood to the CRANIAL AND CAUDAL VENA CAVA, the largest veins, which pass the deoxygenated blood to the RIGHT ATRIA
39
braciocephalic trunk
first main branch off of the aorta which splits into 2 arteries: the right subclavian artery (carries blood to right arm and right upper body) and the carotid trunk which leads into the left and right common carotid arteries (carry blood to head and brain)
40
left subclavian artery
branches off the aortic arch, carries blood to the left upper part of the body
41
celiac artery
passes blood to the stomach, pancreas and spleen
42
cranial mesenteric artery
passes blood to the small intestines
43
caudal mesenteric artery
passes blood to the colon and rectum
44
renal arteries
pass blood to the kidneys
45
renal veins
return blood from the kidneys
46
external iliac arteries
pass blood to the legs
47
external iliac veins
return blood from the legs
48
vena cavas
superior vena cava on top and caudal vena cava on bottom. both supply deoxygenated blood to heart.
49
cerebrum
largest part of the brain; is composed of right and left hemispheres
50
right hemisphere of the cerebrum
creative: controls creativity, spatial ability, artistic, and musical skills
51
left hemisphere of the cerebrum
academic: controls speech, comprehension, and arithmetic
52
brachiocephalic vein
major vein that branches off into 4 smaller veins. 2 are the internal jugular vein (returns blood from the head) and the external jugular vein (returns blood from the face and jaw)
53
cerebrum is surrounded by
a membrane called the meninges. soft, clear, full of fluid
54
gyri
twisty turns in the brain. singular form of them is gyrus
55
sulci
spaces between the gyri (where it sinks in.) singular form: sulcus
56
longitudinal fissure
sulcus that divides the left and right side of the brain. in middle of cerebrum.
57
corpus callosum
internally holds together the left and right hemispheres
58
olfactory bulb
processes smell
59
lobes of the cerebrum
frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital
60
frontal lobe
in front, controls fine movements, emotional expression and personality. Not fully developed until 23 or 25
61
temporal lobe
Processes Auditory signals (i.e. language, hearing and memory.)
62
parietal lobe
processes info generated through touch receptors (i.e. pain, temperature)
63
occipital lobe
processes visual stimuli (i.e. color, light, movement)
64
cerebellum
coordinates muscle movements like balance and walking; reflex center
65
brainstem
connects and relays information from the cerebrum and cerebellum to the spinal cord
66
medulla oblongata
the lower part of the brain stem that regulates involuntary functions like breathing, heart rate and blood pressure
67
cranial nerve 1
olfactory; smell
68
cranial nerve 2
optic; vision
69
cranial nerve 3
oculomotor; eye movement and pupil reflex
70
cranial nerve 4
trochlear; eye movement, looking down
71
cranial nerve 5
trigeminal; face sensation and chewing. sensation anywhere by jaw or cheeks
72
cranial nerve 6
abducens; eye movement
73
cranial nerve 7
facial; facial movement (i.e. smiling) and taste
74
cranial nerve 8
vestibulocochlear; hearing and balance
75
cranial nerve 9
glossopharyngeal; throat sensation, taste and swallowing/ anything that has to do with your throat
76
cranial nerve 10
vagus; movement, sensation and abdominal organs
77
cranial nerve 11
accessory; neck movement (i.e. holding a backpack)
78
cranial nerve 12
hypoglossal; movement, sensation and abdominal organs
79
olfactory nerve
1;smell
80
oculomotor nerve
3; eye movement, pupil reflexes
81
facial nerve
7; face movement and taste
82
optic nerve
vision; 2
83
vagus nerve
10; movement, sensation and abdominal organs
84
trigeminal nerve
5; face sensation and chewing
85
glossopharyngeal nerve
9; throat sensation, taste, swallowing. everything w throat
86
abducens nerve
6; eye movement
87
vestibulocochlear nerve
8; hearing and balance
88
hypoglossal nerve
12; movement, sensation and abdominal organs
89
trochlear nerve
eye movement, 4
90
accessory nerve
11; neck movement
91
function of the respiratory system
to bring in oxygen and remove carbon dioxide
92
respiratory system pathway
breathe in O2--> O2 travels through the trachea, the passageway from the nasopharynx, past the larynx, into the left and right lungs. In the lungs, the trachea splits into the primary bronchi to the bronchioles to the alveoli, which meet with lung capillaries, where O2 is passed to the blood
93
larynx
voice box
94
primary bronchi
2 large tubes that branch off into smaller tubes called bronchioles and at the end of the bronchioles are aveoli
95
diaphragm
a muscle under the lungs which allows for expansion and contraction
96
function of the excretory system
to filter the blood and thereby eliminate waste and maintain proper levels of fluid, electrolytes, sugars and proteins (waste and excess fluids, etc are excreted through urine)
97
main organs of the excretory system
the 2 kidneys, the ureter, the bladder, the urethra
98
kidneys
the site of filtration and urine production; the functional units of the kidney are called nephrons
99
ureter
a tube that transports urine from each kidney to the bladder, which temporarily stores it before it is excreted through the urethra
100
excretory system passageway
kidneys filter blood and produce urine, urine travels through the ureter to the bladder where it is stored until being excreted through the urethra
101
function of the reproductive system
to produce gametes and secrete hormones (which account for sexual characteristics)
102
male reproductive system
sperm are produced and stores in the testes, which are housed in the scrotum. it exits the testes through the vas deferens into the urethra. as sperm passes through the urethra, glands secrete lubrication to help it travel to and be released by the penis
103
female reproductive system
eggs are produced and stored in the ovaries. once a month a few eggs mature into oocytes. during ovulation, mature oocytes are released from ovaries and passed along into the oviduct where it can potentially meet a sperm for fertilization to occur. if fertilization occurs, the growing embryo is housed in the uterus until the newborn passes through the cervix
104
cervix
the lower part of the uterus; the end of the cervix is called the vagina
105
spermatic cord
includes vas deferens, a nerve and blood vessels
106
urogenital sinus
the urethra merges with the vagina to form a common duct called the urogenital sinus
