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Bio Lab 1012Y > Test 3 > Flashcards

Test 3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

dorsal vs ventral

A

back vs belly

Dorsal: toward the back of the body

Ventral: toward the underside of the body

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2
Q

anterior/cranial vs posterior/caudal

A

head vs tail

Anterior/cranial: toward the head end of the body

Posterior/caudal: toward the tail end of the body

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3
Q

proximal vs distal

A

distance to the trunk

proximal: closer to the trunk
distal: farther from the trunk

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4
Q

superficial vs deep

A

outer or inner layer

superficial: closer to body surface
deep: lying underneath the surface

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5
Q

cranial region

A

head area

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6
Q

thoracic region

A

trunk area

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7
Q

caudal/abdominal region

A

tail area

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8
Q

oral cavity

A

space behind the teeth/gums

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9
Q

nasophaynx

A

part of your pharynx (throat) at the top that leads to external nares (nostrils)

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10
Q

glottis

A

opening to the larynx, trachea, and lungs

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11
Q

epiglottis

A

flap that covers glottis when swallowing food. can open/close glottis

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12
Q

esophagus

A

smooth muscle tube that carries food from mouth to stomach

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13
Q

stomach

A

digests food

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14
Q

the 3 organs that aid the stomach in digestion are

A

the liver, gallbladder and pancreas

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15
Q

liver

A

filters out toxins from the blood and produces bile

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16
Q

gallbladder

A

stores bile and contains bile salts that help break down fats

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17
Q

pancreas

A

produces digestive enzymes and hormones that aid in digestion

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18
Q

small intestines

A

break down and absorb nutrients

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19
Q

large intestine/colon

A

absorbs water

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20
Q

digestive system pathway

A

oral cavity to esophagus to stomach to small intestine to large intestine

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21
Q

purpose of circulatory/cardiovascular system

A

to transport nutrients and oxygen to and from cells through the blood

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22
Q

production of blood cells occurs in the

A

bone marrow (mostly) and some in spleen

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23
Q

spleen

A

stores blood cells until they are needed

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24
Q

pericardial membrane

A

surrounds and protects the heart

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25
Q

4 chambers of the heart

A

right atrium, left atrium, right ventricle, left ventricle

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26
Q

atriums

A

collect blood

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27
Q

ventricles

A

pump blood out. so they are v muscular which allows them to do so

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28
Q

coronary arteries

A

the heart supplies itself with oxygenated blood through the coronary arteries

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29
Q

valves

A

prevent the backflow of blood

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30
Q

tricuspid valve

A

between the right atrium and the right ventricle. prevents blood from flowing back to the right ventricle.

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31
Q

bicuspid valve

A

between the left atrium and left ventricle. prevents blood from flowing back to the left atrium.

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32
Q

pulmonary semilunar valve

A

between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk. prevents blood from flowing back to the right ventricle

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33
Q

aortic semilunar valve

A

between the left ventricle and the aorta, prevents blood from flowing back to the left ventricle

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34
Q

arteries carry blood __ the heart ____

A

away from the heart to tissues throughout the body

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35
Q

veins carry blood __ the heart _______

A

to the heart from the body’s tissues

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36
Q

capillaries

A

exchange items of transport between vessels and tissues (i.e. lung capillaries, small intestine capillaries, kidney capillaries.)

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37
Q

the circulatory system is divided into ___ circuits. they are:

A

2 circuits: the pulmonary circuit (involves blood flow between the heart and the lungs) and the systemic circuit (involves blood flow between the heart and tissues throughout the body)

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38
Q

passageway of blood through the circulatory system

A

The RIGHT ATRIA collects deoxygenated blood and sends it to the RIGHT VENTRICLE, which pumps the deoxygenated blood to the PULMONARY TRUNK, which passes the deoxygenated blood to the PULMONARY ARTERIES, which passes the deoxygenated blood to the LUNG CAPILLARIES, which exchanges oxygen from the cells in the lungs into the blood, forming oxygenated blood. The PULMONARY VEINS pass the oxygenated blood to the LEFT ATRIA, which collects the oxygenated blood and sends it to the LEFT VENTRICLE, which pumps the oxygenated blood to the AORTA, the largest artery, which passes the oxygenated blood to arteries throughout the body, which pass the oxygenated blood to the TISSUE CAPILLARIES, which exchange oxygen from the blood into the tissues, leaving the blood deoxygenated. Veins pass the deoxygenated blood to the CRANIAL AND CAUDAL VENA CAVA, the largest veins, which pass the deoxygenated blood to the RIGHT ATRIA

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39
Q

braciocephalic trunk

A

first main branch off of the aorta which splits into 2 arteries: the right subclavian artery (carries blood to right arm and right upper body) and the carotid trunk which leads into the left and right common carotid arteries (carry blood to head and brain)

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40
Q

left subclavian artery

A

branches off the aortic arch, carries blood to the left upper part of the body

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41
Q

celiac artery

A

passes blood to the stomach, pancreas and spleen

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42
Q

cranial mesenteric artery

A

passes blood to the small intestines

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43
Q

caudal mesenteric artery

A

passes blood to the colon and rectum

44
Q

renal arteries

A

pass blood to the kidneys

45
Q

renal veins

A

return blood from the kidneys

46
Q

external iliac arteries

A

pass blood to the legs

47
Q

external iliac veins

A

return blood from the legs

48
Q

vena cavas

A

superior vena cava on top and caudal vena cava on bottom. both supply deoxygenated blood to heart.

49
Q

cerebrum

A

largest part of the brain; is composed of right and left hemispheres

50
Q

right hemisphere of the cerebrum

A

creative: controls creativity, spatial ability, artistic, and musical skills

51
Q

left hemisphere of the cerebrum

A

academic: controls speech, comprehension, and arithmetic

52
Q

brachiocephalic vein

A

major vein that branches off into 4 smaller veins. 2 are the internal jugular vein (returns blood from the head) and the external jugular vein (returns blood from the face and jaw)

53
Q

cerebrum is surrounded by

A

a membrane called the meninges. soft, clear, full of fluid

54
Q

gyri

A

twisty turns in the brain. singular form of them is gyrus

55
Q

sulci

A

spaces between the gyri (where it sinks in.) singular form: sulcus

56
Q

longitudinal fissure

A

sulcus that divides the left and right side of the brain. in middle of cerebrum.

57
Q

corpus callosum

A

internally holds together the left and right hemispheres

58
Q

olfactory bulb

A

processes smell

59
Q

lobes of the cerebrum

A

frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital

60
Q

frontal lobe

A

in front, controls fine movements, emotional expression and personality. Not fully developed until 23 or 25

61
Q

temporal lobe

A

Processes Auditory signals (i.e. language, hearing and memory.)

62
Q

parietal lobe

A

processes info generated through touch receptors (i.e. pain, temperature)

63
Q

occipital lobe

A

processes visual stimuli (i.e. color, light, movement)

64
Q

cerebellum

A

coordinates muscle movements like balance and walking; reflex center

65
Q

brainstem

A

connects and relays information from the cerebrum and cerebellum to the spinal cord

66
Q

medulla oblongata

A

the lower part of the brain stem that regulates involuntary functions like breathing, heart rate and blood pressure

67
Q

cranial nerve 1

A

olfactory; smell

68
Q

cranial nerve 2

A

optic; vision

69
Q

cranial nerve 3

A

oculomotor; eye movement and pupil reflex

70
Q

cranial nerve 4

A

trochlear; eye movement, looking down

71
Q

cranial nerve 5

A

trigeminal; face sensation and chewing. sensation anywhere by jaw or cheeks

72
Q

cranial nerve 6

A

abducens; eye movement

73
Q

cranial nerve 7

A

facial; facial movement (i.e. smiling) and taste

74
Q

cranial nerve 8

A

vestibulocochlear; hearing and balance

75
Q

cranial nerve 9

A

glossopharyngeal; throat sensation, taste and swallowing/ anything that has to do with your throat

76
Q

cranial nerve 10

A

vagus; movement, sensation and abdominal organs

77
Q

cranial nerve 11

A

accessory; neck movement (i.e. holding a backpack)

78
Q

cranial nerve 12

A

hypoglossal; movement, sensation and abdominal organs

79
Q

olfactory nerve

A

1;smell

80
Q

oculomotor nerve

A

3; eye movement, pupil reflexes

81
Q

facial nerve

A

7; face movement and taste

82
Q

optic nerve

A

vision; 2

83
Q

vagus nerve

A

10; movement, sensation and abdominal organs

84
Q

trigeminal nerve

A

5; face sensation and chewing

85
Q

glossopharyngeal nerve

A

9; throat sensation, taste, swallowing. everything w throat

86
Q

abducens nerve

A

6; eye movement

87
Q

vestibulocochlear nerve

A

8; hearing and balance

88
Q

hypoglossal nerve

A

12; movement, sensation and abdominal organs

89
Q

trochlear nerve

A

eye movement, 4

90
Q

accessory nerve

A

11; neck movement

91
Q

function of the respiratory system

A

to bring in oxygen and remove carbon dioxide

92
Q

respiratory system pathway

A

breathe in O2–> O2 travels through the trachea, the passageway from the nasopharynx, past the larynx, into the left and right lungs. In the lungs, the trachea splits into the primary bronchi to the bronchioles to the alveoli, which meet with lung capillaries, where O2 is passed to the blood

93
Q

larynx

A

voice box

94
Q

primary bronchi

A

2 large tubes that branch off into smaller tubes called bronchioles and at the end of the bronchioles are aveoli

95
Q

diaphragm

A

a muscle under the lungs which allows for expansion and contraction

96
Q

function of the excretory system

A

to filter the blood and thereby eliminate waste and maintain proper levels of fluid, electrolytes, sugars and proteins (waste and excess fluids, etc are excreted through urine)

97
Q

main organs of the excretory system

A

the 2 kidneys, the ureter, the bladder, the urethra

98
Q

kidneys

A

the site of filtration and urine production; the functional units of the kidney are called nephrons

99
Q

ureter

A

a tube that transports urine from each kidney to the bladder, which temporarily stores it before it is excreted through the urethra

100
Q

excretory system passageway

A

kidneys filter blood and produce urine, urine travels through the ureter to the bladder where it is stored until being excreted through the urethra

101
Q

function of the reproductive system

A

to produce gametes and secrete hormones (which account for sexual characteristics)

102
Q

male reproductive system

A

sperm are produced and stores in the testes, which are housed in the scrotum. it exits the testes through the vas deferens into the urethra. as sperm passes through the urethra, glands secrete lubrication to help it travel to and be released by the penis

103
Q

female reproductive system

A

eggs are produced and stored in the ovaries. once a month a few eggs mature into oocytes. during ovulation, mature oocytes are released from ovaries and passed along into the oviduct where it can potentially meet a sperm for fertilization to occur. if fertilization occurs, the growing embryo is housed in the uterus until the newborn passes through the cervix

104
Q

cervix

A

the lower part of the uterus; the end of the cervix is called the vagina

105
Q

spermatic cord

A

includes vas deferens, a nerve and blood vessels

106
Q

urogenital sinus

A

the urethra merges with the vagina to form a common duct called the urogenital sinus

Bio Lab 1012Y (3 decks)

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