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Bio Lab 1012Y > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

possible body plans of animals with bilateral symmetry

A

acoelmates, pseudocoelmates, coelmates

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2
Q

coelmates

A

(more advanced phyla) have a body cavity surrounded by mesoderm; this body cavity is where the organs are stored; this is different than the digestive body cavity

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3
Q

types of coelmates

A

protosomes, deuterostomes

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4
Q

protostomes

A

have well developed nervous, circulatory, excretory, reproductive and digestive systems.

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5
Q

which organisms are protostomes

A

simpler- Mollusca, Annelida, Arthropoda

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6
Q

which organisms are deuterostomes

A

more complex- Echinodermata and Chordata

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7
Q

what is unique about the body of organisms in phylum mollusca

A

soft bodies with hard shells. A layer of cells make up a mantle that secretes the hard substance that makes the shell. some only have an internal remnant of a shell and some have no shell

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8
Q

examples of organisms in phylum mollusca

A

snails, clams, octopi, squids

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9
Q

body plan phylum mollusca key feautures

A
  • small coelom with a heart
  • open circulatory system (blood bathed organs)
  • all organs kept in visceral mass - a collection of organ systems
  • foot for movement
  • a mantle which secretes the shell
  • gills to breathe
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10
Q

phyla mollusca classification

A

4 classes:

  1. polyplacophora
  2. gastropoda
  3. bivalvia
  4. cephalopoda
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11
Q

class Polyplacophora

A

AKA chiton

- shell divided into 8 plates

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12
Q

class gastropoda

A

i.e. snails

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13
Q

class bivalvia

A

i. e. clams and oysters
- shell divided into 2 parts with a mantle cavity inside the shell where all the organs are contained
- they are sessile but still have a foot inside their shell that they use for small movements
- filter feeders
- many produce pearls

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14
Q

sessile

A

attached to the ground or a substrate

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15
Q

filter feeding of class bivalvia

A

water and food enters the mantle cavity through the incurrent siphon and is filtered by the cilia of the gills and pushed towards the mouth, where it enters the gastro cavity. sand and debris exit through the excurrent siphon

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16
Q

incurrent siphon

A

opening at one end of the bivalvia organism between the 2 parts of the shell that allows for the intake of water and food particles

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17
Q

excurrent siphon

A

opening at the other end of the bivalvia organism between the 2 parts of the shell through which filtered water exits the clam

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18
Q

class bivalvia circulatory system

A

heart, open circulatory system

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19
Q

class Cephalopoda basic

A

i. e. squids, octopi
- shells are reduced to an internal remnant (pen) or are absent
- foot is divided into tentacles

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20
Q

class Cephalopoda anatomy

A
  • 2 tentacles and 8 arms to capture prey
  • siphon to eject ink and waste
  • ink sac releases ink to escape predators
  • chromatophores- pigmented cells that change color
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21
Q

class cephalopoda circulatory system

A
  • have a relatively closed circulatory system with arteries and veins
  • have 3 hearts: 2 brachial hearts by gills that pump blood to the gills for oxygenation and a third systemic heart that pumps oxygenated blood to the rest of the body
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22
Q

class cephalopoda shell

A

pen= the shell remnant, which runs the length of the squid inside

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23
Q

phylum annelida

A

earthworms and leeches

  • body is divided into repetitive segments
  • closed circulatory systems. blood is retained in vessels
  • have small legs called setae
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24
Q

setae

A

bristle-like appendages that come in pairs.

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25
Q

phylum annelida classification

A
  1. class polychaeta
  2. class oligochaeta (earthworms)
  3. class hirudinea (leeches)
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26
Q

class polychaeta

A
  • i.e. Nereis

- each segment on the Polychaeta has a pair of fleshy appendages called parapodia with many setae on them

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27
Q

class oligochaeta

A
  • i.e. earthworm
  • live in moist soil
  • DONT have parapodia
  • have only a few setae
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28
Q

class oligochaeta reproductive system

A

-earthworms are hermaphrodites (seminals make both sperm and eggs)

29
Q

class oligochaeta locomotion

A

earthworms

  • consists of extension, anchoring and contraction
  • alternating contractions of circular and longitudinal muscles
30
Q

class Oligochaeta- what is unique about the digestive system?

A

crop/gizzard (used for mechanical digestion)

31
Q

class oligochaeta circulatory system

A

many hearts, closed circulatory system

32
Q

class hirudinea

A
  • i.e. leeches
  • NO SETAE
  • NO SEGMENTS
  • have anterior and posterior suckers to hold onto prey
33
Q

phylum Arthropoda

A

animal kingdom

  • open circulatory system
  • segmented- segments often fuse during development
  • have joined appendages/feet
34
Q

appendages are ?

A

extensions of the body used for locomotion, feeding, reproduction, and defense

35
Q

external anatomy of phylum Arthropoda

A
  • hard exoskeleton made of chitin
  • can be soft (butterfly) or hard (lobster)
  • some can shed it and grow and form a new one
  • useful for providing protection, muscle attachment and as a moisture barrier
36
Q

phylum Arthropoda’s subphylum

A
  1. chelicerata
  2. crustacea
  3. hexapoda
  4. myriapoda
37
Q

subphylum Chelicerata examples and anatomy

A
  • i.e. horseshoe crabs, spiders, scorpions
  • chelicerae: anterior feeding appendages
  • pedipalps: 2nd pair of appendages used for capturing prey, sensing the environment and sexual intercourse
  • cephalothorax- area at the front end made up of a fused head and thoracic segments
  • abdomen located at the back end
38
Q

subphylum crustacea habitat

A

-crayfish/ crustaceans

39
Q

subphylum hexapoda: class insecta basic external anatomy

A

i. e. grasshoppers, insects
- 3 body regions (head, thorax, abdomen)
- can fly

40
Q

class insecta respiration

A

spiracle- pores for breathing that lead into the respiratory system

41
Q

class insecta circulatory system

A

partially closed and partially open; blood is called hemolymph

42
Q

what’s the diff between protostomes and deuterostomes?

A

their morphological pattern of embryonic development

43
Q

phylum echinodermata

A
  • echino=spiny derm=skin because spine protrudes through a thick layer of skin
44
Q

phylum echinodermata anatomy

A
  • internal skeleton made up of ossicles (calcerous plates)

- water vascular system

45
Q

water vascular system

A

canals (tubes) filled with water extend into feet and aid in locomotion, food and waste transportation, and respiration

46
Q

phylum echinodermata symmetry

A

larvae have bilateral symmetry but adults have RADIAL symmetry (often 5 repetitive parts, aka pentaradial)

47
Q

phylum echinodermata clssification based on

A

arrangement of their ossicles

48
Q

phylum echinodermata classification

A
  1. class asteroidea- sea stars/starfish
  2. class ophiuroidea- brittle stars
  3. class crinoidea- sea lillies, feather stars
  4. class echinoidea- sea urchins, sand dollars
  5. class holothuroidea- sea cucumber
49
Q

class asteroidea

A
  • sea stars/starfish
  • central disk with 5 arms
  • have a madreporite
  • can regenerate lost arms
50
Q

class asteroidea feeding

A

use arms and tube feet to open shells of oysters and clams then turn their stomachs inside out into opened prey to digest and engulf the tissue

51
Q

madreporite

A

the madreporite of class asteroidea (starfish) connects the water vascular system with the environment

52
Q

class ophiuroidea

A
  • brittle stars

- have slender arms and thick ossicles

53
Q

class crinoidea

A
  • oral surface faces up
  • have branched, feathery ams that surround their mouth and anus
  • filter feeders
54
Q

class echinoidea

A
  • sea urchins, sand dollars

- ossicles are fused into a shell called a test

55
Q

class holothuroidea

A
  • sea cucumbers
  • have soft bodies
  • have only a few ossicles and a few spines
  • looped intestine
56
Q

phylum Chordata

A
  • most complex phylum
  • all animals have the following at some point in their development:
  1. nerve cord
  2. notochord- a cartilaginous rod
  3. pharyngeal slits to help filter water
  4. post-anal tail
  5. internal skeleton
57
Q

phylum chordata classification

A

3 subphyla

  1. urochordata (tunicates)
  2. cephalochordata (lancelets)
  3. vertebrata (fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals)
58
Q

subphylum urochordata

A
  • sessile
  • tunic=they have a cellulose sac
  • filter feeders
  • have all 5 chordata characteristics
59
Q

subphylum cephalocordata

A
  • lancelets/small, fishlike animals

- have all 5 chordata characteristics

60
Q

subphylum vertebrata

A
  • fish, birds, amphibians, reptiles and mammals
  • have a head
  • have a vertebral column that replaces the notochord and surrounds the dorsal nerve chord
61
Q

vertebral column

A

a strong, flexible rod that muscles pull against when the animal swims or moves

62
Q

subphylum vertebrata classification

A
  1. class agnatha
  2. class chondrichthyes
  3. class osteichthyes
  4. class amphibia
  5. class reptilia
  6. class aves
  7. class mammalia
63
Q

class agnatha

A
  • lampreys
  • earliest fish
  • no jaw
  • mouth has horny teeth that allow them to suck on fish
64
Q

class chondrichthyes

A
  • sharks
  • endoskeleton made out of cartilage
  • have a jaw
  • predators
65
Q

class osteichthyes

A
  • bony fish
  • bony endoskeleton
  • internal air bladder for floating
66
Q

class amphibia

A
  • frogs
  • 1st land vertebrates
  • external egg fertilization (eggs laid in the water, the sperm and egg fuse outside of the frogs in the water and the eggs hatch into tadpoles)
67
Q

class reptilia

A
  • turtles, snakes, lizards
  • can do internal fertilization
  • dry scaly skin
  • cannot regulate their own temperature so it changes with the environment
68
Q

class aves

A
  • birds
  • homeothermic (can maintain a constant body temperature)
  • can fly
69
Q

class mamalia

A
  • pigs, humans
  • homeothermic
  • mothers feed babies with milk

Bio Lab 1012Y (3 decks)

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