test 3

Question 1

self

Answer 1

the combination of physical and psychological attributes unique to each individual

Question 2

self concept

Answer 2

who or what we are
at 2 months: limited sense of personal agency
at 5 moths: recognize the self as familiar

Question 3

self recognition test

Answer 3

18-24 months: most realized the person in the mirror was them
2-3 years: limited to present self
4-5 years: extended self

Question 4

contributors to self recognition

Answer 4

cognitive development is necessary
social experiences - secure attachment, parents provide descriptive information
cultural differences- younger self recognition if autonomy was stressed

Question 5

how self concept develops

Answer 5

social and emotional consequences of self-recognition

• necessary for self-conscious emotions
• toddlers become more socially skilled
• may begin to cooperate
• begin to categorize themselves on dimensions of how people differ

Question 6

concepts of self in middle childhood and adolescence

Answer 6

becomes more abstract with age
recognize they are not the same in all situations
may use false self-behaviors; acting out of character to improve image
becomes more integrated with age

Question 7

cultural influences on the self concept

Answer 7

self descriptors

• American students more likely to be personal or individualistic
• Japanese students more likely to be social or relational

Question 8

self esteem

Answer 8

is the evaluation of one’s worth based on the self-concept

Question 9

organs and development of self-esteem

Answer 9

4-5 years, an early meaningful, stable sense of self-esteem

• securley attached children are more likely to have a higher sense of self esteem
• reasonably accurate with how others evaluate their social competencies

Question 10

components of self-esteem

Answer 10

academics, social acceptance, appearance, athleticism, and behavior

• 4-7 years: positive on all
• 8 years: based on others evaluation
• adolescence: relational self-worth the importance of the relationship- females need supportive friends and males need influencing friends

Question 11

changes in self-esteem

Answer 11

• some children experience a decline into middle and high school
• multiple stressors contribute to declines
• overall stability is lowest in childhood and early adolescence
• relatively stable in late adolescence and early adulthood
• gradual increase in young adulthood

Question 12

importance of self-esteem

Answer 12

high self esteem: less depression, conduct disorders, if a result of proscoail or adaptive life experiences
low self esteem: worst mental and physical health, worse economic prospects

Question 13

social contributors to self-esteem

Answer 13

parenting styles: warm supporting nurturing leads to high self esteem
peer influences: social comparisons, especially in individualistic societies, social support from peers= high self esteem

Question 14

cultural, ethnicity and self-esteem

Answer 14

self esteem appears lower in collectivist societies: but being lower may make individuals feel good, as it what society wants
minorities express lower levels of esteem in elementary school, but equal or higher by adolescence: support and pride in ethnic group

Question 15

Development of achievement motivation and academic self-concepts

Answer 15

achievement motivation: willingness to strive to succeed at challenging tasks, to meet standards of accomplishment
mastery motive: inborn motivation to master the environment

Question 16

early origins of achievement motivation

Answer 16

phase 1: joy in mastery - prior to 2 years, pleased with successes, but do not seek recognition failures do not matter
phase 2: approval seeking: near age 2, seek approval for success, except disapproval for failure
phase 3: use the standards (3+ years old); adopted objective standards, pride after success, shame after failure, less depended on others’ evaluations

Question 17

achievement motivation during middle childhood and adolescence

Answer 17

• home influences on mastery motivation and achievement, quality of attachment; secure attachment results in being more self -assured, and comfortable about taking risk and seeing challenges
• the home environment
• 66% of children from non stimulating homes were doing poorly

Question 18

child rearing and achievement

Answer 18

• independence training
• achievement training
• praising successes, not being overly critical or occasional failures aid achievement motivation
• authoritative parenting -style desired above (warm, firm, democratic)