test 2

Question 1

what is cognition

Answer 1

the activity of knowing and the processes through which knowledge is acquired

Question 2

cognition development

Answer 2

changes that occur in mental abilities over the lifespan

• attention and perception
• learning, thinking, and remembering

Question 3

how similar are humans and primates

Answer 3

99% genetically similar

Question 4

similarities shown in the video

Answer 4

ability to do simple problem solving, using tools, social politics, imitate

Question 5

what sets humans and chimps apart

Answer 5

social skills (working together), abstract thinking

Question 6

methods the video used to demonstrate the differences between human and chimp thinking

Answer 6

pointing, having young children and chimps do the same task and showing differences

Question 7

what is the primates awareness of the mind and of others

Answer 7

they don’t think of others as thinking cognitive creatures and refer to them as part of the environment

Question 8

primate stealing food

Answer 8

always took from the one that wasn’t looking

Question 9

what are the four stages of Piaget’s Cognitive Development

Answer 9

• the sensorimotor stage
• the preoperational stage
• the concrete operational stage
• the formal operational stage

Question 10

the sensorimotor stage

Answer 10

birth -2
development of problem-solving abilities
imitation
object conception

Question 11

the preoperational stage

Answer 11

2-7
realizing one thing represents another 
language 
pretend play 
egocentrism-perspective taking

Question 12

the concrete operational stage

Answer 12

7-11

• internal mental activity to modify symbols to reach a logical conclusion
• conservation: capable of decentering and reversibility

Question 13

the formal operational stage

Answer 13

11- and up
-detuctive reasoning
ability to generate hypothesis and use deductive reasoning

Question 14

an evaluation of Piaget’s theory

Answer 14

founded cognitive development
stated children construct their knowledge
first attempt to explain development

Question 15

challenges to Piaget

Answer 15

failed to distinguish competence from performance

does cognition development really occur in stages

Question 16

Vygotsky

Answer 16

• believed that children acquire their cultures
• cognitive development involves dialogues with skilled partners may be less adaptive in some instances than others
• more a perspective, not a theory with as many testable hypotheses as Piaget

Question 17

ontogenetic development

Answer 17

development of an individual over his or her lifetime

Question 18

micro-genetic development

Answer 18

changes over relatively brief periods of time

Question 19

phylogenetic development

Answer 19

changes over evolutionary time

Question 20

sociohistorical development

Answer 20

changes in one’s culture

Question 21

summary of Vygotsky

Answer 21

more of a perspective, not a theory with as many testable hypotheses as Piaget

Question 22

information processing theory

Answer 22

analogy of the mind as a computer

information flows through a limited-capacity system of mental hardware and software

Question 23

hardware

Answer 23

brain and nervous system

Question 24

software

Answer 24

mental rules and strategies

Question 25

mental intelligence

Answer 25

a trait (or set of traits) that allows some people to think and solve problems more effectively than others

Question 26

influences of mental intelligence

Answer 26

heredity and environmental factors

Question 27

temperament

Answer 27

individual differences in emotional, motor, and attentional reactivity and self-regulation

Question 28

types of temperament

Answer 28

fearful, distress, irritable distress, positive affect/sociability, activity level, attention span? persistence, rhythmicity

Question 29

how to define temperament

Answer 29

stability of temperament (activity levels and behavior inhibition)

Question 30

emotional development

Answer 30

displaying emotions

Question 31

emotions present at birth

Answer 31

interest, distress, disgust, contentment

Question 32

emotions present at 2-7 months

Answer 32

anger, sadness, joy, surprise, and fear

Question 33

emotions present at the middle of second year

Answer 33

embarrassment, shame, pride, guilt, and envy

Question 34

how children learn emotional reactions

Answer 34

they learn through watching their parents reactions to certain situations, they also learn through how parents react to their reactions

Question 35

attachment

Answer 35

strong affectional ties that we feel with special people in our lives

Question 36

types of attachment

Answer 36

the Asoscial phase, the phase of indiscriminate attachment, the specific attachment phase, the phase of multiple attachment

Question 37

The Asocial Phase

Answer 37

(0-6 weeks) | social and nonsocial stimuli produce positive reactions

Question 38

the phase of indiscriminate attachment

Answer 38

(6 weeks -6/7 months) | favor people, but any person is OK

Question 39

the specific attachment phase

Answer 39

(7-9 months) | first true attachment, favor one person, secure base for exploration

Question 40

the phase of multiple attachments

Answer 40

(9-18 months) | attachment to other people, additional family members, regular babysitter