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Child Development > test 2 > Flashcards

test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what is cognition

A

the activity of knowing and the processes through which knowledge is acquired

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2
Q

cognition development

A

changes that occur in mental abilities over the lifespan

  • attention and perception
  • learning, thinking, and remembering
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3
Q

how similar are humans and primates

A

99% genetically similar

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4
Q

similarities shown in the video

A

ability to do simple problem solving, using tools, social politics, imitate

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5
Q

what sets humans and chimps apart

A

social skills (working together), abstract thinking

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6
Q

methods the video used to demonstrate the differences between human and chimp thinking

A

pointing, having young children and chimps do the same task and showing differences

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7
Q

what is the primates awareness of the mind and of others

A

they don’t think of others as thinking cognitive creatures and refer to them as part of the environment

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8
Q

primate stealing food

A

always took from the one that wasn’t looking

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9
Q

what are the four stages of Piaget’s Cognitive Development

A
  • the sensorimotor stage
  • the preoperational stage
  • the concrete operational stage
  • the formal operational stage
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10
Q

the sensorimotor stage

A

birth -2
development of problem-solving abilities
imitation
object conception

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11
Q

the preoperational stage

A 
2-7
realizing one thing represents another 
language 
pretend play 
egocentrism-perspective taking
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12
Q

the concrete operational stage

A

7-11

  • internal mental activity to modify symbols to reach a logical conclusion
  • conservation: capable of decentering and reversibility
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13
Q

the formal operational stage

A

11- and up
-detuctive reasoning
ability to generate hypothesis and use deductive reasoning

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14
Q

an evaluation of Piaget’s theory

A

founded cognitive development
stated children construct their knowledge
first attempt to explain development

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15
Q

challenges to Piaget

A

failed to distinguish competence from performance

does cognition development really occur in stages

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16
Q

Vygotsky

A
  • believed that children acquire their cultures
  • cognitive development involves dialogues with skilled partners may be less adaptive in some instances than others
  • more a perspective, not a theory with as many testable hypotheses as Piaget
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17
Q

ontogenetic development

A

development of an individual over his or her lifetime

18
Q

micro-genetic development

A

changes over relatively brief periods of time

19
Q

phylogenetic development

A

changes over evolutionary time

20
Q

sociohistorical development

A

changes in one’s culture

21
Q

summary of Vygotsky

A

more of a perspective, not a theory with as many testable hypotheses as Piaget

22
Q

information processing theory

A

analogy of the mind as a computer

information flows through a limited-capacity system of mental hardware and software

23
Q

hardware

A

brain and nervous system

24
Q

software

A

mental rules and strategies

25
Q

mental intelligence

A

a trait (or set of traits) that allows some people to think and solve problems more effectively than others

26
Q

influences of mental intelligence

A

heredity and environmental factors

27
Q

temperament

A

individual differences in emotional, motor, and attentional reactivity and self-regulation

28
Q

types of temperament

A

fearful, distress, irritable distress, positive affect/sociability, activity level, attention span? persistence, rhythmicity

29
Q

how to define temperament

A

stability of temperament (activity levels and behavior inhibition)

30
Q

emotional development

A

displaying emotions

31
Q

emotions present at birth

A

interest, distress, disgust, contentment

32
Q

emotions present at 2-7 months

A

anger, sadness, joy, surprise, and fear

33
Q

emotions present at the middle of second year

A

embarrassment, shame, pride, guilt, and envy

34
Q

how children learn emotional reactions

A

they learn through watching their parents reactions to certain situations, they also learn through how parents react to their reactions

35
Q

attachment

A

strong affectional ties that we feel with special people in our lives

36
Q

types of attachment

A

the Asoscial phase, the phase of indiscriminate attachment, the specific attachment phase, the phase of multiple attachment

37
Q

The Asocial Phase

A

(0-6 weeks)

social and nonsocial stimuli produce positive reactions

38
Q

the phase of indiscriminate attachment

A

(6 weeks -6/7 months)

favor people, but any person is OK

39
Q

the specific attachment phase

A

(7-9 months)

first true attachment, favor one person, secure base for exploration

40
Q

the phase of multiple attachments

A

(9-18 months)

attachment to other people, additional family members, regular babysitter

Child Development (3 decks)

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