Test 3

Question 1

Learning dilemma

Answer 1

A situation in which existing responses are not rewarded, which leads to change

Question 2

Gradient of approach and avoidance

Answer 2

The strength of approach and avoidance tendencies increases as the person comes closer to the point of actual behavior. Avoidance rises more steeply

Question 3

Frustration-aggression hypothesis

Answer 3

Frustration always leads to aggression and aggression is caused by frustration

Question 4

Punishment

Answer 4

Contingent on a response and has the effect of decreasing the rate of response

Question 5

Extinction

Answer 5

Reduction in the rate of responding when reinforcement ends

Question 6

Schedules of reinforcement

Answer 6

The specific contingency between a response and reinforcement

Question 7

Suppression and the rebound effect

Answer 7

The suppression of a particular thought often resulted in the increased return of the unwanted thought.

Question 8

Basic behavioral repertoires

Answer 8

Learned behaviors fundamental to later learning of more complex behavior. 3 categories: language-cognitive, emotional-motivational, and sensory-motor

Question 9

Constructive alternativism

Answer 9

The assumption that people can interpret the world in a variety of ways

Question 10

Slot movement

Answer 10

Abrupt change from one pole of a construct to its opposite; often because of stress

Question 11

Fragmentation corollary

Answer 11

Describes the inconsistency of people

Question 12

Individuality corollary

Answer 12

Different people use different constructs

Question 13

Choice corollary

Answer 13

We choose an alternative choice to extend our range of future choices

Question 14

Dichotomy corollary

Answer 14

We construct events in an either/or manner

Question 15

Threat

Answer 15

Awareness of imminent comprehensive change in one’s core structures

Question 16

Hostility

Answer 16

Continuing to try to validate constructs that have already been invalidated

Question 17

Fixed role therapy

Answer 17

The client experiments with new constructs by role-playing a fictitious personality

Question 18

Creativity cycle

Answer 18

The process of changing constructs by loosening and tightening them

Question 19

Delay of gratification

Answer 19

The ability to give up immediate gratifications for larger and more distant rewards

Question 20

Trait vs situation debate

Answer 20

The controversy over which explains more of the variation in behavior (personality or environment)

Question 21

Consistency paradox

Answer 21

The mismatch between intuition, which says that people are consistent, and research findings, which says they are not

Question 22

Behavioral outcome expectancy

Answer 22

Expectancies about what will happen in a person behaves in a particular way

Question 23

Stimulus outcome expectancy

Answer 23

Expectancies about how events will develop in the world (what events will follow environmental stimuli)

Question 24

Self-efficacy expectancy

Answer 24

Subjective beliefs about what a person will be able to do

Question 25

Subjective stimulus value

Answer 25

How much an outcome is valued by an individual

Question 26

Reciprocal determinism

Answer 26

The interacting mutual influences of the person, the environment, and behavior

Question 27

Self efficacy

Answer 27

One can organize and execute given courses of action required to deal with prospective situations (pg 252)

Question 28

Optimism

Answer 28

Bandura says human well being and attainments require an optimistic sense of efficacy

Question 29

Vicarious learning

Answer 29

Learning by observing others, without being directly rewarded

Question 30

Modeling

Answer 30

Behavioral changes that result from exposure to models