Test 3 Flashcards
Learning dilemma
A situation in which existing responses are not rewarded, which leads to change
Gradient of approach and avoidance
The strength of approach and avoidance tendencies increases as the person comes closer to the point of actual behavior. Avoidance rises more steeply
Frustration-aggression hypothesis
Frustration always leads to aggression and aggression is caused by frustration
Punishment
Contingent on a response and has the effect of decreasing the rate of response
Extinction
Reduction in the rate of responding when reinforcement ends
Schedules of reinforcement
The specific contingency between a response and reinforcement
Suppression and the rebound effect
The suppression of a particular thought often resulted in the increased return of the unwanted thought.
Basic behavioral repertoires
Learned behaviors fundamental to later learning of more complex behavior. 3 categories: language-cognitive, emotional-motivational, and sensory-motor
Constructive alternativism
The assumption that people can interpret the world in a variety of ways
Slot movement
Abrupt change from one pole of a construct to its opposite; often because of stress
Fragmentation corollary
Describes the inconsistency of people
Individuality corollary
Different people use different constructs
Choice corollary
We choose an alternative choice to extend our range of future choices
Dichotomy corollary
We construct events in an either/or manner
Threat
Awareness of imminent comprehensive change in one’s core structures
Hostility
Continuing to try to validate constructs that have already been invalidated
Fixed role therapy
The client experiments with new constructs by role-playing a fictitious personality
Creativity cycle
The process of changing constructs by loosening and tightening them
Delay of gratification
The ability to give up immediate gratifications for larger and more distant rewards
Trait vs situation debate
The controversy over which explains more of the variation in behavior (personality or environment)
Consistency paradox
The mismatch between intuition, which says that people are consistent, and research findings, which says they are not
Behavioral outcome expectancy
Expectancies about what will happen in a person behaves in a particular way
Stimulus outcome expectancy
Expectancies about how events will develop in the world (what events will follow environmental stimuli)
Self-efficacy expectancy
Subjective beliefs about what a person will be able to do
Subjective stimulus value
How much an outcome is valued by an individual
Reciprocal determinism
The interacting mutual influences of the person, the environment, and behavior
Self efficacy
One can organize and execute given courses of action required to deal with prospective situations (pg 252)
Optimism
Bandura says human well being and attainments require an optimistic sense of efficacy
Vicarious learning
Learning by observing others, without being directly rewarded
Modeling
Behavioral changes that result from exposure to models
