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Botany Fall 2019 > test 3 > Flashcards

test 3 Flashcards

1
Q

what characteristics do plants share with their closest non-plant ancestors?

A
  • starch storage
  • primary pigments
  • cellulose
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2
Q

true or false: spores are produced by meiosis

A
  • false
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3
Q

Put green algae, seedless vascular plants, flowering plants, non-vascular plants, and conifers in number order from most primitive (1) to most advanced (5).

A
  1. green algae
  2. non-vascular plants
  3. seedless vascular plants
  4. conifers
  5. flowering plants
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4
Q

What ancestral characteristic

(symplesiomorphy) is shared by all non-vascular plants?

A

lack of xylem and phloem

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5
Q

true or false: The sporophyte is the dominant generation in non-vascular plants.

A

false

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6
Q

what is one phylum includes non-vascular plants

A

Phylum Anthocerophyta

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7
Q

true or false: Sperm only swim through the pollination tube.

A

false

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8
Q

what evolutionary adaptation do gymnosperms have

A

seeds

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9
Q

what evolutionary adaptation do bryophytes have

A
  • waxy cuticle,
  • multicellular reproductive structures
  • protected zygote
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10
Q

what evolutionary adaptation do angiosperms have

A

flowers

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11
Q

what evolutionary adaptation do ferns and allies have

A

Vascular tissue

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12
Q

what is the common name for Phylum Lycophyta

A

club mosses

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13
Q

what is the common name for Phylum pterophyta

A

ferns

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14
Q

what is the common name for Phylum hepaticophyta

A

liverworts

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15
Q

what is the common name for Phylum bryophyta

A

true mosses

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16
Q

what is the common name for Phylum equisetophyta

A

horsetails

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17
Q

what is the common name for Phylum anthocerophyta

A

hornworts

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18
Q

what is the common name for Phylum psilophyta

A

whisk ferns

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19
Q

what plants produce a strobilus from the sporophyte?

A
  • spike mosses
  • ground pines
  • horsetails
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20
Q

true or false regarding hornworts: The foot of the horn is embedded in the gametophyte.

A

true

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21
Q

true or false regarding hornworts: The “horn” is the sporophyte.

A

true

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22
Q

true or false regarding hornworts: The sporophyte has stomata.

A

true

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23
Q

true or false regarding hornworts: The horn grows from a meristem.

A

true

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24
Q

elaters

A
  • aid in spore dispersal

- an extendable spore “wing”

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25
Q

gemmae

A

disc-like fragments used for asexual reproduction

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26
Q

what do archegoniophores look like

A

palm trees

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27
Q

do male or female gametophytes produce archegoniophores

A

female

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28
Q

stalk that extends sporophyte away from gametophyte

A

seta

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29
Q

calyptra

A

protective cap surrounding sporophyte

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30
Q

what produces the calyptra

A

Gametophyte

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31
Q

do male or female gametophyte produce antheridiophore

A

male

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32
Q

what do antheridiophores look like

A

Umbrellas

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33
Q

spore-producing structure that develops from archegonium

A

capsule

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34
Q

true or false regarding thallium liverworts: Chloroplasts are present in the walls, floor, and ceiling of upper layer.

A

false

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35
Q

are marchantia dioecious

A

yes

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36
Q

are quillworts dioecious

A

yes

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37
Q

are selaginella dioecious

A

yes

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38
Q

Which plants have ligules?

A
  • quillworts and spike mosses
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39
Q

do liverworts require water so that sperm from one plant can swim to eggs in another plant?

A

yes

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40
Q

do true mosses require water so that sperm from one plant can swim to eggs in another plant?

A

yes

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41
Q

do true ferns require water so that sperm from one plant can swim to eggs in another plant?

A

yes

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42
Q

do horsetails and whisk ferns require water so that sperm from one plant can swim to eggs in another plant?

A

yes

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43
Q

do ground pines, spike mosses and quillworts require water so that sperm from one plant can swim to eggs in another plant?

A

yes

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44
Q

do hornworts require water so that sperm from one plant can swim to eggs in another plant?

A

yes

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45
Q

sexual reproduction begins in true mosses with the ___ which is the dominant plant form

A

gametophyte

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46
Q

are true mosses dioecious or monoecious

A

monoecious

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47
Q

In order for a sperm to reach an egg in true mosses, it must swim down the narrow ___ of the female structure in order to reach the swollen area (referred to as a ___ ) where the egg is located.

A

neck canal

venter

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48
Q

This plant form will develop a stalk-like ___ with a spore-producing structure called a ____ . (true mosses)

A
  • seta

- capsule

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49
Q

A protective _____ will sit directly on top, covered by the larger ____ which remains from the earlier swollen structure. (true mosses)

A
  • operculum

- calyptra

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50
Q

When spores are ready for release, both of these protective features will fall off and spores will be release through the mouth-like____. (true mosses)

A

peristome

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51
Q

what is not a land adaptation found in seedless vascular plants?

A

no longer require water for motile sperm to swim to eggs

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52
Q

Which of the following plants belong in Phylum Lycophyta

A
  • quillworts
  • ground pines
  • spike mosses
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53
Q

sorus

A

cluster of sporangia in ferns

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54
Q

megasporangium

A

produces large spores

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55
Q

ligule

A

tongue-like extension at base of leaf

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56
Q

pinnule

A

smallest “leaflet” in a bipinnately compound fern frond

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57
Q

sporophyll

A

leaf like extension from a strobilus

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58
Q

what protects sporangium in a axil

A

sporophyll

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59
Q

enation

A

button-like structure containing spore-producing structures

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60
Q

indusium

A

protective flap

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61
Q

microsporangium

A

produces small spores

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62
Q

true or false: Members of Phylum Lycophyta and Phylum Psilophyta have a dominant gametophyte, but plants in Phylum Equisetophyta and Phylum Pterophyta have a dominant sporophyte.

A

false

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63
Q

all plants in the genus Selaginella are categorized as ___

A

Quillworts, ground pines, and spike mosses

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64
Q

what phylum are Quillworts, ground pines and spike mosses in

A

Lycophyta

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65
Q

what is not a characteristic of horsetails?

A

heterosporous

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66
Q

what is the dominant plant form for true ferns

A

sporophyte

67
Q

The leaves of true ferns are referred to as

A

fronds

68
Q

what do fronds produce and how

A

spores via meiosis

69
Q

what are the button like structure on fronds called

A

sori

70
Q

prothalli are the non dominant ____ form

A

gametophyte

71
Q

are prothalli monoecious or dioecious

A

Monoecious

72
Q

how do prothalli anchor into the ground

A

rhizoids

73
Q

what is not a gymnosperm phylum

A

Phylum Psilophyta

74
Q

true or false regarding gymnosperms: Most gymnosperms have non-motile sperm with the exception of gingkos and cycads.

A

true

75
Q

true or false regarding gymnosperms : Sperm dispersal (from plant to plant) is wind-driven.

A

true

76
Q

true or false regarding gymnosperms :The sporophyte form is dominant in all gymnosperms.

A

true

77
Q

true or false regarding gymnosperms : Seed dispersal is wind-driven.

A

true

78
Q

mesophyll

A

surrounds vascular tissues in center of needle

79
Q

stomata

A

pores in epidermis

80
Q

produces substance that reduces herbivory

A

resin canal

81
Q

hypodermis

A

reduces dessication

82
Q

fascicle

A

bundle of needles

83
Q

true or false regarding gymnosperms: Most are dioecious.

A

false

84
Q

nucellus

A

nutrient material for female gametophyte

85
Q

megasporocyte

A

Produces megaspores

86
Q

integument

A

protective layer around megasporangium

87
Q

passageway through integument

A

micropyle

88
Q

structure surrounding egg; produced by female gametophyte

A

archegonium

89
Q

pollen germination

A

creation of male gametophyte

90
Q

growth of pollen tube into archegonium so sperm can merge with egg

A

fertilization

91
Q

what grows from seed germination

A

sporophyte

92
Q

Which gymnosperm phylum is believed to be more closely related to angiosperms than the others?

A

Phylum Gnetophyta

93
Q

true or false regarding phylum Gingkophyta: Male plants produce smelly fruit

A

false

94
Q

true or false regarding phylum cycadophyta: can be differentiated from palms by large central strobilus

A

true

95
Q

true or false regarding phylum cycadophyta: beetles may act as pollinators

A

true

96
Q

true or false regarding phylum Gnetophyta: xylem has both tracheids and vessel elements

A

true

97
Q

true or false regarding phylum Gnetophyta: monoecious and dioecious plants

A

true

98
Q

what evolutionary advantages are provided by flowers?

A
  • attraction of pollinators

- development of fruit

99
Q

what kind of plant survives over multiple years although above-ground regions die back during autumn and winter

A

Herbaceous pernnial

100
Q

what kind of plant main plant body is grown in the first year and reproductive plant structures grow in the 2nd year followed by death

A

biennial

101
Q

what kind of plant with extended flowering period; completes entire life cycle in one year

A

annual

102
Q

what kind of plant structures are continuously present over numerous years.

A

woody perennial

103
Q

The entire colorful showy portion of a plant is referred to as the ____ and is made up of individual ____ that attract pollinators.

A
  • corolla

- petals

104
Q

Some plants, especially in the spurge family, have very small or non-descript flowers. Many of these flowers will have specialized leaves called ____ that provide the same function.

A

bracts

105
Q

Protection for a flower (prior to budding) is provided by a structure referred to as the ____ which is made up of individual ____ .

A
  • calyx

- sepals

106
Q

if sepals and petals are difficult to differentiate what are the called? and collectively, the entire non-reproductive portion of the flower would be called the _____?

A
  • tepals

- perianth

107
Q

petals fused into narrow tube

A

salverform

108
Q

biradial

A

symmetrical along two planes

109
Q

petals are arranged into a mouth

A

two lipped

110
Q

funnel-shaped

A

petals fused into narrow tube that flares towards tip

111
Q

symmetrical along multiple planes

A

radial

112
Q

bilateral

A

symmetrical along a single plane

113
Q

broad vase-like flower with narrow opening

A

urn-shaped

114
Q

rotate

A

petals arranged in single plane (like a wheel)

115
Q

what symmetry do pea-like flowers have

A

bilaterally

116
Q

in pea-like flowers the largest uppermost petal is called

A

banner petal

117
Q

in pea-like flowers the two smaller side petals are called

A

wing petals

118
Q

in pea-like flowers the two fused lowermost petals is called

A

keel petal

119
Q

pedicel

A

stalk for individual flower in inflorescence

120
Q

disk flower

A

compact flowers attached to a single shared base

121
Q

vertical inflorescence with flowers attach directly to peduncle

A

spike

122
Q

horizontal inflorescence arranged along same plane due to pedicels of differing lengths

A

corymb

123
Q

peduncle

A

stalk for individual flower or primary stalk for inflorescence

124
Q

vertical inflorescence with flowers attached to peduncles via pedicels

A

raceme

125
Q

umbel

A

flowers of inflorescence form “umbrella” due to pedicels of same length

126
Q

downward hanging skike of shrubs and trees

A

catkin

127
Q

endocarp

A

innermost layer of a fruit

128
Q

all layers surrounding a seed

A

pericarp

129
Q

seed coat

A

papery outer cover; protects against pathogens and drying

130
Q

middle fleshy layer of a fruit

A

mesocarp

131
Q

embryo in fruit will turn into what?

A

a sporophyte

132
Q

outermost skin of a fruit

A

exocarp

133
Q

endosperm

A

nutritive tissue in a seed

134
Q

what happens to a seed that gets dehydrated

A

dormancy

135
Q

what is the first structure to grow from a seed

A

radicle

136
Q

In some monocots seeds, this structure will be protected by a sheath called the ___

A

coleorhiza

137
Q

what is the 2nd structure to emerge from a monocot seed

A

plumule

138
Q

In some monocots seeds, the plumule will have a protective sheath called the

A

coleoptile

139
Q

If the primary seed leaves [aka _____) remain attached to a stem, the portion above the seed leaf/leaves is called the coleorhiza while the region below is called the _____.

A
  • epicotyl

- hypocotyl

140
Q

true or false: The cotyledon is part of the embryo in monocots and dicots.

A

false

141
Q

simple fruit

A
  • single flower with 1 or fused carpels
142
Q

what kind of fruit is from an inflorescence; fruitlets merge into single fruit

A

multiple

143
Q

aggregate

A

from single flower with many separate carpels that mature in a cluster

144
Q

what are the three categories of fleshy fruits

A
  1. drupe
  2. berry
  3. pome
145
Q

aka “stone fruit”; simple; single seed is enclosed in a stony endocarp

A

drupe

146
Q

what type of fruit are berries

A

simple

147
Q

how many seeds do berries have

A

more than 1

148
Q

what are the three types of berries

A
  1. true berry
  2. pepo
  3. hesperidium
149
Q

true berry

A

fruit with thin exocarp (skin) and soft pericarp

150
Q

pepo

A

fruit with thick exocarp

151
Q

hesperidium

A

fruit with leathery exocarp; often aromatic

152
Q

pome

A

fruit developed from floral tube

153
Q

what are the 2 categories for dry fruit

A
  1. dehiscent fruit

2. indehiscent fruit

154
Q

what are the 4 types of dry dehiscent fruits

A
  1. follicle
  2. legume
  3. silique
  4. capsule
155
Q

splits along a single side or seam

A

follicle

156
Q

splits along 2 sides or seams

A

legume

157
Q

splits along 2 sides; seeds attached to septum

A

silique

158
Q

splits a variety of ways, seeds can be shaken out

A

capsule

159
Q

what are the 5 types of indehiscent fruit

A
  1. achene
  2. nut
  3. grain
  4. samara
  5. schizocarp
160
Q

achene

A

only base of seed attaches to pericarp

161
Q

base of seed attaches to pericarp and hard inedible pericarp

A

nut

162
Q

grain

A

pericarp inseparable from seed

163
Q

pericarp becomes a wing for dispersal

A

samara

164
Q

schizocarp

A

fruits that have 2 seeds that split apart when mature

Botany Fall 2019 (4 decks)

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