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Botany Fall 2019 > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what is true regarding Protista?

A
  • They are all eukaryotes.
  • The majority of protists are aquatic.
  • Protists are a polyphyletic group.
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2
Q

what phylum include protist

A

Chlorophyta

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3
Q

protist photosynthesize using ______ and the storage of energy in the form of _____?

A
  • chlorophylls a and b

- starch

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4
Q

what is the common name for protist in the phylum chlorophyta

A

green algae

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5
Q

Oedogonium

A
  • netlike chloroplasts with scattered pyrenoids

- rounded filament tip produces zoospores that will produce new filament via mitosis

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6
Q

Phylum cryptophyta

A
  • bilobed chloroplast
  • phycobilins
  • starch
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7
Q

chlamydomonas

A
  • single cup-shaped chloroplast with one large pyrenoid

- billion year old freshwater algae

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8
Q

Spirogyra

A
  • coiled chloroplasts with bead-like pyrenoids along length
  • sexual reproduction via conjugation
  • fragmentation
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9
Q

aplanospore

A

non motile spore

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10
Q

zoospore

A

swimming spores

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11
Q

statospore

A

resting spore

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12
Q

tetraspore

A

spore produced by diploid red algae

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13
Q

what is the phylum that includes algae that uses a variety of colored pigment other than chlorophylls

A

Phylum Chromophyta

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14
Q

what class are diatoms included?

A

Bacillariophyceae

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15
Q

how do diatoms asexually reproduce?

A

shrinking division

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16
Q

what are diatoms coverings made out of

A

silica

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17
Q

what phylum includes golden brown algae

A

chromophyta

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18
Q

what classes includes golden brown algae

A
  • Chrysophyceae

- Phaophyceae

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19
Q

what phylum includes red algae

A

Rhodophyta

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20
Q

the “whirling” double-flagellated algae are in Phylum _____?

A

Dinophyta

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21
Q

what phylum includes algae that protect themselves with ejectosomes

A

Cryptophyta

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22
Q

the algae in Phylum _____ which exhibit positive phototaxis but can also act as predators.

A

Euglenophyta

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23
Q

fucus

A

Multicellular algae with plant like thallus

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24
Q

euglena

A
  • non obligate photosynthesizer that responses to light

- mitosis only; sexual reproduction unknown

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25
Q

Acetabularia

A

2 in cells

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26
Q

volvox

A

colonial green algae

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27
Q

During sexual reproduction in Fucus, the blade tips swell into structures called receptacles . These structures will hollow out into spaces called _____?

A

receptacles

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28
Q

receptacles are filled with ____ that produce gametes

A

conceptacles

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29
Q

If the Fucus thallus is male, the gamete-producing structures are called ?

A

gametangia

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30
Q

how many sperms are produced from focus gametangia and how

A
  • 64

- meiosis followed by mitosis 4x

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31
Q

If the Fucus thallus is female, the gamete-producing structures are called?

A

oogonia

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32
Q

Fucus oogonia that will produce _____ eggs by going through _____ one time followed by _____ one time

A
  • 8
  • meiosis
  • mitosis
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33
Q

trichogyne

A

spike like feature of a carpogonium where sperm attach

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34
Q

spermatia

A

non motile male gametes

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35
Q

tetrasporophyte

A

diploid thallus

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36
Q

cystocarp

A

swollen structures that develops around a zygote

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37
Q

carpogonium

A

Specialized female gametangium

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38
Q

male or female gametophyte

A

haploid thallus

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39
Q

spermatangium

A

Specialized male gametangium

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40
Q

tetraspores

A

produced through meiosis

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41
Q

Phylum Rhodophyta

A
  • phycobilins

- Floridean starch

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42
Q

Phylum Dinophyta

A

xanthophyll plus chlorophyll a and c

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43
Q

Phylum Chlorophyta

A
  • chlorophyll a and b

- starch

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44
Q

Which of the following algal structures are haploid?

A
  • male and female gametophyte thalli in Phylum Rhodophyta
  • Chlamydomonas adult
  • filament cells of Ulothrix
  • adult cells of Oedogonium
  • adult cells of Spirogyra
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45
Q

ulothrix

A

filament cells produce zoospores via mitosis; will settle and produce new holdfast & filament cells

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46
Q

Sexual reproduccion for fucus

A
  1. receptacles form on male and female thalli
  2. conceptacles develop with gametangia inside
  3. gametangia produce gametes
  4. fertilization occurs between gametes that have been released into the water
  5. zygotes develop into new male or female thalli
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47
Q

Which of the following is an required input for the Calvin cycle?

A
  • NADPH
  • carbon dioxide
  • ATP
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48
Q

What is the source of the energy-carrier molecules that participate in the Calvin cycle?

A

They are generated during the light reactions

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49
Q

rubisco

A

enzyme that allows the rxn to proceed

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50
Q

3-PGA

A

stable 3c intermidate

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51
Q

RuBP

A

5c molecule to which carbon will get fixed

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52
Q

what does 3-PGA get converted to in the Calvin cycle

A

G3P

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53
Q

what are the products of the Calvin cycle

A
  • glucose
  • starch
  • cellulose
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54
Q

Which molecule must be regenerated from 3-PGA in order for the Calvin cycle to continue?

A

RuBP

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55
Q

The entry of 6 molecules of CO2 into the Calvin cycle will result in the production of ____ molecules of 3-PGA. (Calvin cycle )

A

12

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56
Q

This stable 3C intermediate will be converted into ___ molecules of G3P by ____ molecules of ATP and ___ molecules of NADPH. (Calvin cycle)

A

12,12,12

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57
Q

Sugars will be produced using ____ molecules of G3P, the remaining ___ molecules will be used to regenerate ___ molecules of RuBP in a process that will require and additional ___ molecules of ATP. (Calvin cycle)

A

2, 10, 6, 6

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58
Q

Overall, the Calvin cycle will use a total of ____ molecules of ATP and ____ molecules of NADPH to convert ___ molecules of CO2 into ____ molecules of G3P for generating ___ glucose molecule while also re-generating RuBP.

A

18, 12,6, 2,1

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59
Q

Which of the following is true regarding rubisco?

A

Rubisco is capable of binding either carbon dioxide or oxygen, depending on which gas is more prevalent.`

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60
Q

Which of the following is true regarding the C3 pathway?

A
  • It is a pathway that can be used by ALL plants, even C4 and CAM plants.
  • It is named after the 3C intermediate, 3-PGA.
  • It is the most common photosynthetic pathway.
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61
Q

Which of the following is NOT true regarding C4 photosynthesis?

A

It is an alternative pathway for ALL types of plants, including C3 and CAM plants.

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62
Q

stroma

A

location for Calvin cycle in C3 and CAM plants

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63
Q

malate

A

Temporary C02 storage molecules for C4 and CAM plants

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64
Q

C3 pathway

A

alternative for C4 and CAM plants

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65
Q

vacuole

A

Temporary nighttime storage for C02 source in CAM plants

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66
Q

bundle sheath

A

location for Calvin cycle in C4 plants

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67
Q

NADPH

A

Provides energy for moving substances in and out of various locations during C4 and CAM

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68
Q

Which of the following is true regarding the various photosynthetic pathways?

A
  • Carbon dioxide entry occurs during the day in C3 and C4 plants.
  • CAM photosynthesis occurs in the daytime.
  • C4 photosynthesis occurs in the daytime.
  • Carbon dioxide entry occurs at night in CAM plants.
  • C3 photosythesis occurs in the daytime.
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69
Q

Which molecule binds CO2 during C4 photosynthesis?

A

PEP

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70
Q

Which molecule binds CO2 during CAM photosynthesis?

A

OAA

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71
Q

Which of the following is true regarding CAM photosynthesis?

A
  • It is used by plants adapted to life in arid regions.
  • It is named after the plant family in which it is typically found.
  • It requires additional energy in the form of NADPH.
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72
Q

most common photosynthetic pathway for grasses, crop plants, pineapples

A

C4 photosynthesis

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73
Q

most common photosynthetic pathway for

majority of plants

A

C3 photosynthesis

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74
Q

most common photosynthetic pathway for succulents, cacti, members of Family Crassulaceae

A

CAM photosynthesis

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75
Q

A leaf attached directly to a stem would be referred to as:

A

sessile

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76
Q

bipinnately compound leaf

A

twice divided leaflets off secondary rachis

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77
Q

petiole

A

leaf attachment to stem

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78
Q

odd pinnately compound leaf

A

divided into off rachis with a terminal leaflet at the end

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79
Q

simple leaf

A

one blade at end of petiole

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80
Q

palmately compound leaf

A

all leaflets radiate like fingers from a single attachment point on the petiole

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81
Q

even pinnately compound leaf

A

divided into leaflets off primary rachis with paired leaflets at the end

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82
Q

crenate

A

leaf margin has rounded teeth

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83
Q

ovate

A

a leaf that is broader at the base then the tip

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84
Q

cordate

A

a leaf shaped like a heart

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85
Q

serrate

A

leaf margin has pointed teeth that angle toward leaf tip

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86
Q

lanceolate

A

an elongated leaf that tapered to a pointed end

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87
Q

pinnately lobed

A

a leaf with irregular projections along the main axis of the leaf

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88
Q

elliptic

A

a leaf that tapers equally at the base and the tip

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89
Q

what leaf best fits this description parallel-sided leaf longer than it is wide with regular teeth that point outward

A

dentate linear leaf

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90
Q

true or false Stomata and guard cells are more common on the upper surface of a leaf.

A

false

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91
Q

Which of the following is true regarding guard cells?

A
  • Guard cells have chloroplasts.
  • Guard cells play a crucial role in the movement of water through xylem.
  • When guard cells swell, stomata open.
  • Guard cells regulate gas exchange through stomata.
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92
Q

true or false Bulliform cells are more common on the upper surface of monocot leaves.

A

true

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93
Q

spongy mesophyll

A

lower parenchyma layer with chloroplast and lots of air space

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94
Q

cutin

A

waxy water proofing substance that cover the epidermis

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95
Q

mesophyll

A

entire portion of leaf between the upper and lower epidermis

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96
Q

chlorenchyma

A

Specialized cells filled with parenchyma

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97
Q

palisade mesophyll

A

upper parenchyma with tightly packed cells

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98
Q

trichomes

A

pavement cell modifications that can reduce transportation or provide protection

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99
Q

In dicots, leaf veins are found in the ____ of a leaf.

A

spongy mesophyll

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100
Q

The veins include vascular bundles with ____ closer to the upper epidermis and ____ closer to the lower epidermis.

A

xylem/phloem

101
Q

These vascular bundles are surrounded by a layer of thick-walled cells that create the ____

A

bundle sheath

102
Q

Monocots also have leaf veins that are arranged ___ throughout the leaf,

A

parallel to each other

103
Q

what apply to a sun leafs

A
  • small leaf with lots of small chloroplasts
  • thicker leaf
  • lighter in color
104
Q

Which descriptions would apply to an aquatic plant leaf?

A
  • reduced amount of xylem

- leaves fill with aerenchyma

105
Q

true or false Tendrils are stems modified for climbing.

A

false

106
Q

true or false The curling of a tendril occurs due to even growth stimulated by contact.

A

false

107
Q

true or false Tendril attachments are strong (due to the presence of sclerenchyma) yet flexible (due to the presence of collenchyma)

A

true

108
Q

thorn

A
  • modified stem

- grows from an axil

109
Q

spine

A
  • modified leaf

- grows from a node and may have an auxiliary bud

110
Q

Prickel

A
  • modified epidermis or cortex

- grows from an internode

111
Q

What is an example of a plant with pines

A

Cactus

112
Q

What is an example of a plant with prickles

A

Rose

113
Q

What is an example of a plant with thorns

A

acacia

114
Q

Reproductive leaf

A

Can become a new plant asexually if it falls or gets knocked off

115
Q

Succulent leave

A

Water and sugars are stored in large parenchyma cells with no chloroplast

116
Q

Flower pot leaf

A

Epiphyte that forms mutualistic symbiosis with ants

117
Q

Bract

A

Modified to attract pollinators to a plant with small non-showy flowers

118
Q

Insect trapping leave

A

Nutrients unavailable in soil are obtained from alternate source

119
Q

Venus fly trap

A

Henge leaf that closes 2 hairs are triggered within 20 seconds of each other

120
Q

Pincher plant

A

Insects fall into a soupy mix of water bacteria and digestive enzymes

121
Q

Bladderwort

A

Aquatic plant with an extremely fast acting trap door

122
Q

Sundew

A

Attracts insects with glistening drops of sticky digestive fluid

123
Q

True or false color change in the autumn occurs because I can’t create different color pigment to replace chlorophyll

A

False

124
Q

Which of the following is true regarding Kingdom Fungi?

A
  • All fungi are heterotrophs.
  • Fungi are more closely related to animals than they are to plants.
  • All fungi have chitin in their cell walls.
125
Q

Parasite

A

Fungus that obtains nutrients from living host without providing a benefit to that host

126
Q

Mutualistic symbiont

A
  • fungus that shares a life history with another unrelated organism
  • both participants benefit from the relationship
127
Q

Saprobe

A
  • Fungus that obtain nutrients from the dead and decaying matter
  • also known as a decomposer
128
Q

What phylum is yeast in

A

Ascomycota

129
Q

What phylum is a wheat rust and psilocybe in

A

Basidiomycota

130
Q

What phylum is Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in

A

Chytridiomycota

131
Q

What phylum is Penicilium and Aspergillus in

A

Deuteromycota

132
Q

What phylum is mycorrhizae in

A

Glomeromycota

133
Q

What phylum is bread mold in

A

Zygomycota

134
Q

Which of the following is true regarding phylum chytridiomycota

A
  • Rhizoids for attachment to food - aquatic and mostly unicellular - parasites and saprobes
  • motile zoospores that suggest relationships to protists
  • most primitive fungal phylum
135
Q

Parasite

A

Fungus that obtains nutrients from living host without providing a benefit to that host

136
Q

Mutualistic symbiont

A
  • fungus that shares a life history with another unrelated organism
  • both participants benefit from the relationship
137
Q

Saprobe

A
  • Fungus that obtain nutrients from the dead and decaying matter
  • also known as a decomposer
138
Q

What phylum is yeast in

A

Ascomycota

139
Q

What phylum is a wheat rust and psilocybe in

A

Basidiomycota

140
Q

What phylum is Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in

A

Chytridiomycota

141
Q

What phylum is Penicilium and Aspergillus in

A

Deuteromycota

142
Q

What phylum is mycorrhizae in

A

Glomeromycota

143
Q

What phylum is bread mold in

A

Zygomycota

144
Q

Which of the following is true regarding phylum chytridiomycota

A
  • Rhizoids for attachment to food - aquatic and mostly unicellular - parasites and saprobes
  • motile zoospores that suggest relationships to protists
  • most primitive fungal phylum
145
Q

For example, fungi that produce spores from sac-like containers are in Phylum _____

A

Ascomycota

146
Q

fungi with “earthen pot”-shaped spore containers are in Phylum ____

A

Chytridiomycota

147
Q

and fungi that produce spores from structures on pedestals are in Phylum _____

A

Basidiomycota

148
Q

fungi that create structural and functional linkages during reproduction are in Phylum ____

A

Zygomycota

149
Q

other fungi that produce string-like balls of hyphae (arbuscules) are in Phylum _____

A

Glomeromycota

150
Q

Which fungal phylum is a polyphyletic group?

A

Deuteromycota

151
Q

hymenium

A

mmb layer of asci

152
Q

conidiophore

A

vertical hypha that bear conidia during asexual reproduction

153
Q

ascoma

A

cup or flask shaped structure for spore production

154
Q

ascogenous hyphae

A

dikaryotic hyphae that make up spore container

155
Q

conidia

A

Asexual spores

156
Q

ascogonium

A

“female” reproductive structure

157
Q

ascus

A

finger like projection

158
Q

crozier

A

crook shaped cell

159
Q

ascospores

A

produced from meiosis followed by mitosis

160
Q

what stage # of sexual reproduction in Phylum Ascomycota: crozier cell partitions into 3 separate cells, only one of which has both male and female nuclei

A

3

161
Q

what stage # of sexual reproduction in Phylum Ascomycota: migration and pairing of nuclei from antheridium and ascogonium; results in n+n

A

1

162
Q

what stage # of sexual reproduction in Phylum Ascomycota: release of ascospores

A

6

163
Q

what stage # of sexual reproduction in Phylum Ascomycota: mitosis of crozier cell nuclei; results in n+n+n+n

A

4

164
Q

what stage # of sexual reproduction in Phylum Ascomycota: ascogenous hyphae create ascoma

A

2

165
Q

what stage # of sexual reproduction in Phylum Ascomycota: male and female nuclei merge into zygote

A

5

166
Q

Which of the following is true regarding Phylum Basidiomycota?

A
  • includes decomposers (saprobes) and parasites
  • Most decomposers are not harmful, but a very small number are poisonous.
  • sexual reproduction in parasites requires at least one host plant
167
Q

Gills

A
  • Underside of Cap

- site of spore release

168
Q

Fruiting body

A

Above ground reproductive portion

169
Q

Annulus

A

Scar like remnant of Cap

170
Q

Stipe

A

Stalk like feature

171
Q

Cap

A

Rounded top of mushroom

172
Q

Mycelium

A

Below ground vegetative portion

173
Q

A haploid Type 2 mycelium would be able to fuse with a haploid ____ mycelium

A

Type 4

174
Q

resulting in a ___ mycelium that would develop initially into an above-ground structure called a ____ .

A

dikaryotic/ button

175
Q

what is the typical mushroom structure known as?

A

basidia

176
Q

Which two plants serve as host plants for black stem rust?

A
  • barberry and wheat
177
Q

what is correct about sexual reproduction in black stem rust.

A
  • Pycnia and aecia are associated with the barberry host.
  • An aecium develops on the lower barberry leaf surface.
  • Uredinia and telia are associated with the wheat host.
  • A pycnium develops on the upper barberry leaf surface.
  • The zygote overwinters
178
Q

The most common type of mycorrhizal fungi are:

A

endotrophic

179
Q

Which of the following is true regarding Phylum Deuteromycota?

A
  • They all have chitin in their cell walls.

- This is a polyphyletic group.

180
Q

what phylum: Penicillium (ital.) and Aspergillus

A

Deuteromycota

181
Q

what phylum: ergot, Dutch elm disease, morels, truffles, yeast

A

Ascomycota

182
Q

what phylum: shelf fungi, toadstools, smuts

A

Basidiomycota

183
Q

Which fungal phylum has the greatest number of species?

A

Ascomycota

184
Q

what taxonomic groups include members that might be found as a component of a lichen?

A
  • Phylum Chlorophyta
  • Kingdom Bacteria
  • Phylum Ascomycota
185
Q

Medulla

A
  • thickest mid most region of election

- storage location

186
Q

Fruticose

A

Describes a shrub like lichen

187
Q

Lower cortex

A
  • Interconnected hyphae attachment to substrate

- May not be present in all lichens

188
Q

Upper cortex

A

Interconnected hyphae for protection

189
Q

Crustose

A

Describes a low growing crusty looking lichen

190
Q

Thallus

A

Body of lichen

191
Q

Algal layer

A

Location where photosynthetic species is embedded in loosely arranged hyphae

192
Q

Foliose

A

Describes a leafy lichen

193
Q

A unit of solar energy is referred to as a:

A

photon

194
Q

Which of the following is true regarding light?

A

Ultraviolet light has the highest energy.

195
Q

Which of the following is an input required for photosynthesis?

A
  • water
  • sunlight
  • CO2
196
Q

Which of the following is an input required for the light reactions?

A

water

sunlight

197
Q

what are The first set of reactions, referred to as in photosynthesis

A

light rxns

198
Q

where do the light rxns occur

A

Thylakoid mmb

199
Q

what are the 2nd set of reaction referred to as in photosynthesis

A

the Calvin cycle

200
Q

where does the Calvin cycle take place

A

stroma

201
Q

Starting with 1, number the following locations in the correct order that they participate in the light reactions.

A
  1. PS2
  2. ETC
  3. PS1
  4. NADP+ reductase
  5. ATP synthase
202
Q

Where is a proton gradient built up during the light reactions?

A

in the thylakoid lumen

203
Q

Which activities contribute to the build up of the proton gradient during the light reactions?

A
  • production of NADPH
  • splitting of water
  • pumping associated with the ETC
204
Q

The light reactions are initiated by the capture of light energy in the ____

A

antenna complex

205
Q

Which of the following proteins act as a proton pump in the electron transport chain?

A
  • PQ (plastoquinone)

- Cyt (cytochrome)

206
Q

Which of the following activities is/are shared between PSI and PSII?

A
  • antenna complex collects solar energy

- special pair loses two electrons

207
Q

How are lost electrons replaced from PSI?

A

They are delivered from the electron transport chain (although they actually are the same 2e- lost from PSII).

208
Q

What happens to the electrons lost from PSI?

A

They are used to reduce NADP+.

209
Q

Which molecule acts as the final electron acceptor for PSI?

A

Fd

210
Q

Which of the following is true regarding NADP+ reductase and ATP synthase?

A

they are both enzymes

211
Q

The production of NADPH occurs when ____ is reduced by two electrons from ____ , and a single proton is also added from the _____ . These reactions occur at ____ and the NADPH is then release to the ____ and is ready to participate in the Calvin cycle.

A

NADP+/ PS1/ stroma/ NADP+ reductase / stroma

212
Q

Which of the following are outputs of the light reactions?

A

NADPH/ ATP

213
Q

Which of the following acts as an energy carrier molecule?

A
  • ATP

- NADPH

214
Q

true or false Molecules are in constant motion, and they move only in a particular direction.

A

false

215
Q

discribe diffusion.

A
  • movement occurs down a concentration gradient
  • Diffusion does not require energy.
  • The term ‘diffusion’ by itself does not indicate whether or not a semipermeable membrane is present.
216
Q

Which of the following is true regarding equilibrium?

A

Molecular motion will continue equally in all directions.

217
Q

true or false Increasing the concentration gradient will speed up the rate of diffusion

A

true

218
Q

solvent

A

think dissolving a substance

219
Q

dialysis

A

diffusion of salutes across a selectivity permeable mmb

220
Q

diffusion

A

movement of any type of molecule from high to low concentration

221
Q

solute

A

Dissolved substance

222
Q

osmosis

A

diffusion of water across a. selectivity permeable mmb

223
Q

solution

A

a homogeneous combination of solvents and and dissolved solutes

224
Q

turgor pressure

A

pressure against a cell wall due to volume of water in a vacuole

225
Q

osmotic potential

A

Likelihood of water to diffuse based on differences in solute concentration

226
Q

pressure potential

A

likelihood of water to move based on mechanical pressures such as turgor pressor

227
Q

water potential

A

Likelihood of water to move based on a combination of pressure potential and osmotic potential

228
Q

what is true regarding water movement

A
  • Water moves from an area of high water potential to low.
  • Water moves from an area of high osmotic potential to low.
  • Osmosis occurs from an area of high water concentration to low.
  • Water moves from an area of high pressure potential to low.
229
Q

true or false Water follows solutes, therefore, osmosis will always occur from a hypotonic solution toward a hypertonic solution.

A

true

230
Q

Plant tissues filled with large polar molecules (such as starch) can rapidly pull in large volumes of water through a process called _____

A

imbibition

231
Q

In leaf cells, liquid water becomes water vapor in a process known as

A

Evaporation

232
Q

That water vapor will exit the leaf through openings called stomata (which are opened or closed due to the action of guard cells) in a process called

A

transpiration

233
Q

true or false The properties of adhesion and cohesion are sufficient to explain the movement of water from the roots up the leaves.

A

false

234
Q

true or false Movement through xylem is from roots to leaves while movement through phloem can go in any direction.

A

true

235
Q

Select any and all statements that apply to the Pressure-Flow Hypothesis.

A
  • changes in turgor pressure push dissolved sugars through phloem
  • explains how sugars are moved throughout a plant
  • involves active transport
236
Q

Which of the following is NOT a plant macronutrient?

A

Zn

237
Q

nitrogen

A

found in proteins, nucleic acids, and chlorophylls

238
Q

calcium

A

found in pectins of middle lamella

239
Q

phosphorus

A

major element of ATP

240
Q

sulfur

A

found in some amino acids

241
Q

potassium

A

found in coenzymes

242
Q

magnesium

A

found at heart of chlorophyll

243
Q

magnesium deficiency effects

A
  • random dead spots

- yellowed leaves with curled edges

244
Q

nitrogen deficiency effects

A
  • pale green or yellow leaves
245
Q

phosphorus deficiency effects

A
  • purple leaves

- stunted growth

246
Q

sulfur deficiency effects

A
  • pale leaves with light colored veins
247
Q

calcium deficiency effects

A
  • death of terminal buds

- hooked/ withered leaves

248
Q

potassium deficiency effects

A

yellowing of leaves from margins

Botany Fall 2019 (4 decks)

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