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Biology 153 > Test 3 > Flashcards

Test 3 Flashcards

From slides Protists and Algae to Angiosperms.

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1
Q

When was the Diversification of early eukaryotes?

A

During the Proterozoic time

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2
Q

Single-celled microscopic organisms. Eukaryotes that are not animals, fungi, plants. Most diverse of all eukaryotes.

A

Protists

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3
Q

What is the origin of Eukaryotes?

A

Cells contain membrane-bound organelles. Theory of Endosymbiosis.

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4
Q

What is the Theory of Endosymbiosis?

A

Simple prokaryotic cell gave rise to more complex eukaryotic cell. Mitochondria and chloroplasts formerly small prokaryotes.

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5
Q

Host cell. cell lives within another cell

A

Endosymbiont

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6
Q

What are the the ancestors of mitochondria?

A

aerobic heterotrophic prokaryotes

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7
Q

What are the ancestors of chloroplasts?

A

photosynthetic prokaryotes

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8
Q

Closest prokaryotic relatives of mitochondria

A

alpha proteobacteria

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9
Q

Closest prokaryotic relatives of chloroplasts

A

cyanobacteria

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10
Q

Consists of Animals, fungi, plants, & variety of microorganisms.
Presence of nuclei.
Presence of cytoskeleton.

A

Eukaryotes

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11
Q

Contain DNA in discrete chromosomes. Within membrane-bound compartment.

A

Nuclei

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12
Q

Complex array of proteins.
Provides structural framework.
Tubulin and actin and other proteins.
Facilitate movement and create skeletal architecture of cell.

A

Cytoskeleton

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13
Q

Based on Ultrastructural characteristics.

• Utrastuctural identity refers to the appearance of a variety of features.

A

Protista

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14
Q 
lack mitochondria.
nuclear genomes have mitochondrial gene.
lost mitochondria.
multiple flagella.
two separate nuclei.
simple cytoskeleton.
no plastids.
A

Diplomonads

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15
Q

_________________ is a specific Diplomonad. It is a parasite that infects humane intestine, which causes abdominal cramps and severe diarrhea. You can get it by drinking contaminated water.

A

Giardia lamblia

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16
Q

Clade emerging from molecular systematic studies.

Unites dinoflagellates, apicomplexans, and ciliates.

A

Aveolates

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17
Q

Organisms characterized by small membrane-bound cavities under cell surfaces are ________

A

Aveoli

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18
Q

include about 3000 described species.

found in freshwater and saltwater.

important members of marine
phytoplankton.

aquatic free-floating, microscopic, photosynthetic organisms.

most are unicellular biflagellates.

A

Dinoflagellates

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19
Q

about half lack photosynthetic apparatus.

ingest solid food particles or absorb dissolved organic compounds.

A

Dinoflagellates

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20
Q

parasites of animals
some cause serious human diseases.
parasites disseminate.

A

Apicomplexa

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21
Q

parasites disseminate tiny infectious cells called ____________.

A

sporozoites

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22
Q

causes malaria.

A

Plasmodium

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23
Q

____________enters liver and then later penetrate red blood cells where they divide.

causes person to have chills and fever.

A

Plasmodium

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24
Q

What kinds of interactions structure communities?

A

Predation (obvious part of an ecosystem).

Competition (animals compete with each other).

Symbioses

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25
Q

most live as solitary cells in fresh water.

highly variable and among most complex of cells.

A

Ciliophora (ciliates)

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26
Q

Ciliate Genetics: two types of nuclei are…

A

large macronucleus.

several tiny micronuclei.

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27
Q

ciliates generally reproduce by _____ ______ during which macronucleus elongates and splits.

A

Binary Fission

28
Q

___________ involved in sexual processes that generate genetic variation

A

Micronuclei

29
Q

__________ is the shuffling of genes

A

Conjugation

30
Q

reproductive cells with two different kinds of flagellae (smooth whiplash flagellum and tinsel flagellum).

unicellular and multicellular forms.

diatoms and brown algae.

A

Stramenopiles

31
Q

unicellular or colonial organisms.

important components of phytoplankton.

A

Diatoms

32
Q

Ecosystem energy budget begins with _______ __________.

A

Primary Production

33
Q

produce chlorophylls a and c, as well as carotenoids.

A

Diatoms

34
Q

almost entirely marine.

conspicuous seaweeds of temperate, boreal, and polar waters.

Found in cooler regions of the world.

Also multicellular.

A

Brown Algae

35
Q

microscopic forms to world’s tallest marine organisms

A

Kelp

36
Q

The bottom part of Brown Algae is called the ________.

A

Holdfast

37
Q

It’s common life cycle is alternation of generations.

Has multicellular haploid and diploid phases.

A

Brown Algae

38
Q

about 600 species.

most live in marine and tropical waters (e.g. coral reefs).

in addition to chlorophyl a, have phycobilins.

live in dark waters.

A

Rhodophytes (Red algae)

39
Q

most are filamentous.

no motile cells at any stage.

exceptionally complex life cycles.

A

Rhodophytes (Red algae)

40
Q

Chlorophyte/streptophyte (charophyceans) is a major split within _____________.

A

Viridophytes

41
Q

most of traditional “green algae” are __________.

A

chlorophytes

42
Q

These are Amoebas.
They are unicellular.
pseudopodia allow them to move and feed.
Most are free-living.

A

Rhizopoda

43
Q

important branches in tree of life

A

Plants

44
Q 
autotrophic eukaryotic organisms.
capable of converting light energy into chemical energy.
contain chloroplasts (can’t include cyanobacteria because they are prokaryote).
A

Plants

45
Q

What are the three domains of life?

A

Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya

46
Q

What are the five major early plant lineages?

A

Members that are photosynthetic due to primary endosymbiosis.
Members that are photosynthetic due to secondary endosymbiosis.
Autotrophic eukaryotes.
“Protists”.

47
Q

Viridophytes are _____ ______

A

Green Plants

48
Q

most live in fresh water.

some live symbiotically within other eukaryotes.

A

Chlorophytes

49
Q

__________________________ - cells adhere in a gelatinous matrix
to form mulitcellular colonies

A

Colonial Chlorphyceae

50
Q

________ _______ believed to be derived from unicellular ancestors.

A

volvocine colonies

51
Q

lineage leading to land plants.

A

Streptophytes (Charophyceans)

52
Q

most important from standpoint of evolution of land plant life cycle – they retain egg and sometimes zygote on body of haploid plant.

A

Charophyceans (Charales)

53
Q

resting embryo stage early in life of sporophyte

A

Embryophytes

54
Q

What are the mulitcellular reproductive structures of Embryophytes?

A

Antheridia (produce sperm)
Archegonia (produce eggs)
Sporangia (produce spores)

55
Q

Three major lineages are: Mosses, hornworts, liverworts.

Not monophyletic, but are paraphyletic.

A

Bryophytes

56
Q

In mosses: Upright, leafy gametophyte – ______________

A

Dominant phase

57
Q

In Mosses: Haploid spores produced by ___________

A

Meiosis

58
Q

Spore germinates, forms __________, which also produces one or more gametophytes.

A

Protonema

59
Q

In mosses: Female gametophyte

A

archegonia

60
Q

n mosses: Male gametophyte

A

antheridia

61
Q

BONUS QUESTION ON TEST!!!!

Describe the Moss Life Cycle!

A
  1. Haploid spores produced by meiosis.
  2. Released from sporangium
  3. Spore germinates, forms protonema
  4. Protonema produces one or more gametophytes.
  5. Female gametophyte – archegonia – egg
  6. Male gametophyte – antheridia – sperm
  7. Flagellated sperm swim to egg
  8. Fusion produces zygote
  9. Mitotic divisions – zygote develops into 10. embryo – develops into mature sporophyte
62
Q

What where the first land plants?

A

Tracheophytes

63
Q

small microphyllous leaves – simple leaves – with single vascular strand

A

Lycophytes

64
Q

main advance differentiation between main axis and side branches
leaves derived from flattened lateral branch system

A

Euphyllophytes

65
Q

most familiar group – includes group of ferns with distinctive and derived reproductive structure

A

Polypodiales

66
Q 
Builds up over years forming wood
thick-walled cells
resistant to decay
secondary phloem does not build up
phloem cells alive to be functional
A

Secondary xylem

Biology 153 (4 decks)

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