Final (animal section) Flashcards
There are 42 questions of this on the final.
1
Q
Multicellular, heterotrophic eukaryote.
NOT an autotroph!
What is this?
A
An animal
2
Q
What must an animal consume?
A
Organic molecules
3
Q
What do animals eat?
A
Animals eat other animals or decomposing organic material
4
Q
An animal lacks…
A
a cell wall
5
Q
Animals’ bodies are held together by…
A
Proteins (SPECIFICALLY COLLAGEN)
6
Q
An animal has nervous tissue for
A
impulse conduction
7
Q
An animal has muscle tissue for
A
Movement
8
Q
Animals reproduce _________
A
Sexually
9
Q
The Diploid stage of an animal is
A
dominant
10
Q
Many animals include larval stages, which undergoes
A
metamorphosis, which then leads to the larva transforming into adult form.
11
Q
What kind of genes do animals have?
A
Hox genes
12
Q
Animals contain hox genes that are ________
A
Homeotic
13
Q
transformation of zygote into adult animal of specific form depends on expression of special ________________
A
Regulatory Genes in embryo called hox genes.
14
Q
These contain sequence of all possible genes might be expressed in organism
A
Regulatory genes
15
Q
different subsets genes turned on and off by
A
Regulatory Genes
16
Q
One collection of regulatory genes include particular DNA sequence called __________, which contain genes called _______
A
Homeobox, which contain genes called Hox Genes.
17
Q
Some homeobox genes regulate
A
development of body form.
18
Q
the genes that are both Hox genes and are genes that control development of body form are only found in
A
Animals
19
Q
More than ________ species of extant animals exist, and there are about _____ Phyla
A
1 million species of extant animals.
35 Phyla.
20
Q
Greatest number of phyla can be found in ______ environment, where life began.
A
Marine environment
21
Q
What Phyla contain the Sponges?
A
Phyla Calcarea and Silicea
22
Q
Phyla Calcarea and Silicea contain the _______
A
Sponges
23
Q
Sponges belong to ________
A
Parazoa (group of animals with no true tissues)
24
Q
Sponges represent lineage closest to _________ that gave rise to animal kingdom
A
colonial choanoflagellates
25
Cell layers of sponges are....
loose federation of cells
26
collect food particles from water passed through food-trapping cells
Filter feeders
27
Body of a sponge has two layers of cells separated by gelatinous region called
mesohyl
28
Sponges: Mesohyl has _________ in it.
amoebocytes
29
amoebocytes many functions, including
Carrying nutrients to other cells.
30
Sponges are _________.
Hermaphroditic
31
Sponges: Gametes arise in _______ or __________.
choanocytes or amoebocytes
32
Sponges: Egg resides in _______, thus fertilization also happens here.
mesohyl
33
All animals except sponges and a few other groups belong to the clade __________, animals with true tissues.
Eumetazoa
34
Phylum _______ is the oldest group in the Eumetazoa clade.
Cnidaria.
35
__________ contain Hydras, jellies, sea anemones, and coral animals.
Phylum Cnidaria.
36
Phylum Cnidaria lack ________, relatively simple bodies
mesoderm
37
Phylum Cnidaria have over ________ species. And most of them are ________-.
Over 10,000 Species. most are Marine.
38
The basic body plan of a cnidarian is a sac with a central digestive compartment, called the ____________
gastrovascular cavity
39
Cnidaria have two basic body plans:
polyp & medusa
40
________ are cylindrical forms adhere to substratum with tentacles wait for prey.
Polyps
41
This is the flattened mouth facing down that
| moves freely by drifting & contracts bell-shaped body.
Medusa
42
This Cnidarian exist only as a polyp.
sea anemone
43
This Cnidarian exist only as a medusa.
Jellyfish
44
Cnidocytes are armed with __________
Tentacles
45
cnidocytes contain a stinging capsule that contain thread, which can shoot out, puncturing or injecting poison in prey. This is called _________
nematocyst
46
Phylum Cnidaria is divided into 4 major classes:
Hydrozoa
Scyphozoa
Cubozoa
Anthozoa
47
Phylum Cnidaria: Corals contain a secrete hard external skeleton made of __________
calcium carbonate
48
Phylum Cnidaria: This class includes the corals and sea anemones, which occur only as polyps.
Class Anthozoa
49
This clade includes the flatworms, rotifers, ectoprocts, brachiopods, molluscs, and annelids.
clade Lophotrochozoa
50
Lophotrochozoa: This structure is used for feeding. It is a horseshoe-shaped crown of tentacles.
Lophophore
51
Lophotrochozoa: Animals with bilateral symmetry belong to ________
bilateria
52
Within protostomes are clade called
Lophotrochozoa
53
This phylum has about 20,000 species of flatworms. Live in marine, freshwater, and damp terrestrial environments. In addition to free-living forms, parasitic species such as flukes and tapeworms
Phylum Platyhelminthes
54
Phylum Platyhelminthes: These carnivores feed on prey of smaller animals or dead animals. lack specialized organs for gas exchange and circulation.
planaria
55
planarian move using ____ on ventral epidermis, gliding along on a film of mucus they secrete
cilia
56
planarian are _________, with copulation mates cross-fertilizing
hermaphroditic
57
group of parasitic flatworms
| adults live in vertebrates
Tapeworms
58
This phylum contains Rotifers and has about 1,800 species.
Phylum Rotifera
59
Phylum Rotifera: these are tiny animals mainly inhabit freshwater. smaller than protists, but multicellular and specialized organ systems.
Rotifers
60
What is more complex? Flatworms or rotifers?
Rotifers
61
some reproduce by ____________, where females produce more females from unfertilized eggs.
parthenogenesis
62
_______________is development from egg with no paternal contribution of genes
parthenogenesis
63
This phylum has over 150,000 known species.
Most are marine, some inhabit fresh water, and snails and slugs live on land. Also contains Squids and octopuses,Clams and oysters.
Phylum Mollusca
64
Phylum Mollusca: muscular used for movement
Foot
65
Phylum Mollusca: most of internal organs
visceral mass
66
Phylum Mollusca: extends beyond visceral mass
producing water-filled cfold of tissue drapes over visceral mass
in many mollusks hamber
Mantle
67
Phylum Mollusca: many mollusks feed using strap-like rasping organ
called ______ to scrape up food
radula
68
What are the 4 major classes of mollusca?
Polyplacophora (chitons)
Gastropoda (snails and slugs)
Bivalvia (clams, oysters, and other bivalves)
Cephalopoda (squids, octopuses, cuttlefish, and chambered nautiluses)
69
```
Phylum Mollusca: This class contains snails and slugs.
40,000 living species
most marine, also freshwater species
protected by single, spiraled shell
retreat into shell if threatened
```
Gastropoda
70
```
Phylum Mollusca: This class contains clams, oysters, mussels, scallops
shells divided into two parts
hinged together and drawn together with powerful abductor muscles
```
Bivalvia
71
```
Phlyum Mollusca: This class contains octopuses, squids, and chambered nautiluses
built for speed
carnivores
use beak-like jaws to bite prey
inject poison and immobilize prey
```
Cephalopoda
72
What Phylum is this?
Segmented body resembles series of fused rings
150,000 species
1 mm to 3-m in length
Live in sea, most freshwater habitats, and damp soil.
Phylum Annelida
73
Phylum Annelida is divided into 3 classes. What are they?
Oligochaeta (earthworms and their relatives)
Polychaeta (polychaetes)
Hirudinea (leeches)
74
Phylum Annelida: Members of class _________ have paddle-like parapodia that work as gills and aid in locomotion
Polychaetes
75
Phylum Annelida: Members of class _________ are blood-sucking parasites, such as leeches
Hirudinea
76
What is a well known annelid?
Earthworms
77
This superphylum is the most species-rich animal group.
Ecdysozoans
78
Ecdysozoans are covered by a tough coat called a _________, which is shed or molted through a process called
cuticle
ecdysis
79
The two largest phyla in Ecdysozoans are ____________ and __________.
nematodes and arthropods
80
__________ have secrete exoskeletons
| Animal grows, molts, sheds old exoskeleton, secretes new one
Ecdysozoa
81
This phylum contains Roundworms.
Non-segmented bodies covered by tough cuticles.
Widespread, found in most aquatic habitats, wet soil, moist tissues of plants, body fluids and tissues of animals.
Phylum Nematoda
82
This Phylum contains 90,000 species known.
Tough cuticle covers body.
Grows it sheds old cuticle -- molting or ecdysis.
Phylum Nematoda
83
Phylum nematoda lack a ....
Circulatory System.
84
Great number of __________ live in soil and on bottom of lakes and seas
Important role in decomposition and nutrient cycling
nematodes
85
Phylum Nematoda: Humans host about 50 nematode species, one being the
______ _______, which causes trichinosis
Trichinella spiralis
86
This Phylum contains crustaceans, spiders, insects
Nearly 1 million species have been described, mostly insects
Two out of every three known species of animals are this.
Phylum Anthropoda
87
Members of the phylum _________ are found in nearly all habitats of the biosphere
Arthropoda
88
The arthropod body plan consists of a segmented body, hard exoskeleton, and jointed appendages, and dates to the _______
Cambrian Explosion (535–525 million years ago)
89
Arthropod evolution is characterized by a
decrease in the number of segments and an increase in appendage specialization
90
________ must be regarded as most successful animal phyla
arthropods
91
Arthropods body covered by _______
cuticle
92
________ were early arthropods -- very common throughout Paleozoic era, abundant in shallow seas.
Disappeared 250 mya during Permian extinctions
Trilobites
93
subphylum Cheliceriformes, are named for clawlike feeding appendages called _________
chelicerae
94
The earliest cheliceriforms were __________ (water scorpions)
eurypterids
95
Most modern cheliceriforms are ________, which include spiders, scorpions, ticks, and mites
arachnids
96
Gas exchange in spiders occurs in respiratory organs called _____ ____
book lungs
97
Subphylum ___________ includes millipedes and centipedes
Myriapoda
98
Subphylum , insects and relatives, has more species than all other forms of life combined
They live in almost every terrestrial habitat and in fresh water.
The internal anatomy of an insect includes several complex organ systems.
Subphylum Hexapoda
99
______ is one key to the great success of insects
Flight
100
Subphylum Hexapoda: In _________ ___________, the young, called nymphs, resemble adults but are smaller and go through a series of molts until they reach full size
incomplete metamorphosis
101
Subphylum Hexapoda: Insects with _______ ____________ have larval stages known by such names as maggot, grub, or caterpillar
The larval stage looks entirely different from the adult stage
complete metamorphosis
102
Insects: 120,000 species.
One pair of wings.
Mouthparts modified.
Biting flies appendages like saws for cutting skin, like sponges for lapping up blood.
Diptera: Flies
103
```
Insects: Extremely speciose.
500,000 species.
Weevils adapted to feeding on seeds.
Bore hole in ovaries.
Larvae feed on growing seeds.
```
Coleoptera: Beetles
104
Insects: Complex behavior.
Honeybees perform elaborate dances to communicate location of sources of food.
Flowers with pollen and nectar.
Hymenoptera: Ants, bees, wasps
105
Insects: Chewing mouthparts.
Highly social.
Build mounds to house societies and environmental control.
Isoptera: Termites
106
Insects: Complete metamorphosis.
Larvae mouthparts for feeding on plants.
Adult stage directed towards reproduction and dispersal.
Feed on nectar.
Lepidoptera: Moths and butterflies
107
Insects: Two pairs of wings.
5 inches in length.
Early stage is aquatic
Feed on mosquitoes, etc.
Odonata: Dragonflies and damselflies
108
While arachnids and insects thrive on land, ___________, for the most part, have remained in marine and freshwater environments
____________, subphylum Crustacea, typically have branched appendages that are extensively specialized for feeding and locomotion
Most have separate males and females
Crustaceans
109
__________ include terrestrial, freshwater, and marine species.
Pill bugs are a well known group of terrestrial _________.<- same word
Isopods
110
__________ are all relatively large crustaceans and include lobsters, crabs, crayfish, and shrimp.
Decapods
111
Planktonic crustaceans include many species of _______, which are among the most numerous of all animals
copepods
112
Shared characteristics define deuterostomes (Chordates and Echinoderms)
Radial cleavage
| Formation of the mouth at the end of the embryo opposite the blastopore
113
Echinoderms and chordates are
deuterostomes
114
Sea stars and most other __________ are slow-moving or sessile marine animals
7,000 marine organisms
echinoderms
115
Echinoderms have a unique ______ _________ ______, a network of hydraulic canals branching into tube feet that function in locomotion, feeding, and gas exchange
water vascular system
116
Living echinoderms are divided into six classes:
```
Asteroidia (sea stars)
Ophiuroidea (brittle stars)
Echinoidea (sea urchins and sand dollars)
Crinoidea (sea lilies and feather stars)
Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers)
Concentricycloidea (sea daisies)
```
117
Sea stars, class __________, have multiple arms radiating from a central disk
Asteroidea
118
The animals called ________ get their name from vertebrae, the series of bones that make up the backbone.
There are about 52,000 species of them, including the largest organisms ever to live on the Earth.
vertebrates
119
1. What is the biggest land animal that is a vertebrate?
| 2. What is the biggest animal that is a vertebrate?
1. Plant eating dinosaurs (40,000kg)
| 2. Blue whale (100,000kg)
120
Vertebrates are a subphylum within the phylum ________.
Chordata
121
Chordates are bilaterian animals that belong to the clade of animals known as ______________.
Deuterostomia
122
Two groups of invertebrate deuterostomes, the ___________ and ____________, are more closely related to vertebrates than to other invertebrates
urochordates and cephalochordates
123
Four key characters of chordates:
Notochord
Dorsal, hollow nerve cord
Pharyngeal slits or clefts
Muscular, post-anal tail
124
The ________ is a longitudinal, flexible rod between the digestive tube and nerve cord
notochord
125
In most chordates, grooves in the pharynx called ___________ ______ develop into slits that open to the outside of the body
pharyngeal clefts
126
__________ (_____________) are named for their bladelike shape
They are marine suspension feeders that retain characteristics of the chordate body plan as adults
Lancelets (Cephalochordata)
127
_________ (___________) are marine suspension feeders commonly called sea squirts.
Tunicates (Urochordata)
128
Tunicates (Urochordata) most resemble chordates during their ______ _____, which may last only a few minutes
larval stage
129
__________ are animals with a skull in Chordata.
Craniates
130
The least derived surviving craniate lineage is ______, the hagfishes
Myxini
131
______ have a cartilaginous skull and axial rod of cartilage derived from the notochord, but lack jaws and vertebrae (invertebrates)
Myxini
132
________ (______________) represent the oldest living lineage of vertebrates.
They are jawless vertebrates inhabiting various marine and freshwater habitats.
They have cartilaginous segments surrounding the notochord and arching partly over the nerve cord.
Lampreys (Petromyzontida)
133
Today, jawed vertebrates, or _________, outnumber jawless vertebrates
gnathostomes
134
Aquatic Gnathostomes have the _______ ____ ______, which is sensitive to vibrations
the lateral line system
135
________________ (___________) have a skeleton composed primarily of cartilage.
The cartilaginous skeleton evolved secondarily from an ancestral mineralized skeleton.
The largest and most diverse group of these include the sharks, rays, and skates
Chondrichthyans (Chondrichthyes)
136
The vast majority of vertebrates belong to a clade of gnathostomes called ___________.
Which includes the bony fish and tetrapods.
Osteichthyes
137
Class ___________, the ray-finned fishes, includes nearly all the familiar aquatic osteichthyans
Actinopterygii
138
The lobe-fins, ___________, have muscular pelvic and pectoral fins
Three lineages survive and include coelacanths, lungfishes, and tetrapods
Sarcopterygii
139
__________ (class ________) are represented by about 6,150 species of organisms in three orders: Order Urodela (Salamanders), Order Anura (frogs and toads), and Order Apoda (caecilians).
Amphibians (class Amphibia)
140
__________ are a group of tetrapods whose living members are the reptiles, including birds, and mammals
Amniotes
141
The _______ clade includes the tuataras, lizards, snakes, turtles, crocodilians, birds, and the extinct dinosaurs.
They have scales that create a waterproof barrier.
They lay shelled eggs on land.
The Reptile Clade.
142
Most reptiles are ___________, absorbing external heat as the main source of body heat
ectothermic
143
Birds are ___________, capable of keeping the body warm through metabolism
endothermic
144
class ________, are represented by more than 5,300 species. They have:
Mammary glands, which produce milk.
Hair.
A larger brain than other vertebrates of equivalent size.
Differentiated teeth.
Class Mammalia
145
Mammals evolved from ________ in the late Triassic period
synapsids
146
By the early Cretaceous, the three living lineages of mammals emerged:
1.
2.
3.
1. Monotremes
2. Marsupials
3. Eutherians
147
________ are a small group of egg-laying mammals consisting of echidnas and the platypus
Monotremes
148
__________ include opossums, kangaroos, and koalas.
| The embryo develops within a placenta in the mother’s uterus.
Marsupials
149
Compared with marsupials, _________ have a longer period of pregnancy.
Young ___________ complete their embryonic development within a uterus, joined to the mother by the placenta.
eutherians
