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Biology 153 > Final (animal section) > Flashcards

Final (animal section) Flashcards

There are 42 questions of this on the final.

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1
Q

Multicellular, heterotrophic eukaryote.
NOT an autotroph!
What is this?

A

An animal

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2
Q

What must an animal consume?

A

Organic molecules

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3
Q

What do animals eat?

A

Animals eat other animals or decomposing organic material

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4
Q

An animal lacks…

A

a cell wall

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5
Q

Animals’ bodies are held together by…

A

Proteins (SPECIFICALLY COLLAGEN)

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6
Q

An animal has nervous tissue for

A

impulse conduction

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7
Q

An animal has muscle tissue for

A

Movement

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8
Q

Animals reproduce _________

A

Sexually

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9
Q

The Diploid stage of an animal is

A

dominant

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10
Q

Many animals include larval stages, which undergoes

A

metamorphosis, which then leads to the larva transforming into adult form.

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11
Q

What kind of genes do animals have?

A

Hox genes

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12
Q

Animals contain hox genes that are ________

A

Homeotic

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13
Q

transformation of zygote into adult animal of specific form depends on expression of special ________________

A

Regulatory Genes in embryo called hox genes.

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14
Q

These contain sequence of all possible genes might be expressed in organism

A

Regulatory genes

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15
Q

different subsets genes turned on and off by

A

Regulatory Genes

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16
Q

One collection of regulatory genes include particular DNA sequence called __________, which contain genes called _______

A

Homeobox, which contain genes called Hox Genes.

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17
Q

Some homeobox genes regulate

A

development of body form.

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18
Q

the genes that are both Hox genes and are genes that control development of body form are only found in

A

Animals

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19
Q

More than ________ species of extant animals exist, and there are about _____ Phyla

A

1 million species of extant animals.

35 Phyla.

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20
Q

Greatest number of phyla can be found in ______ environment, where life began.

A

Marine environment

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21
Q

What Phyla contain the Sponges?

A

Phyla Calcarea and Silicea

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22
Q

Phyla Calcarea and Silicea contain the _______

A

Sponges

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23
Q

Sponges belong to ________

A

Parazoa (group of animals with no true tissues)

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24
Q

Sponges represent lineage closest to _________ that gave rise to animal kingdom

A

colonial choanoflagellates

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25
Q

Cell layers of sponges are….

A

loose federation of cells

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26
Q

collect food particles from water passed through food-trapping cells

A

Filter feeders

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27
Q

Body of a sponge has two layers of cells separated by gelatinous region called

A

mesohyl

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28
Q

Sponges: Mesohyl has _________ in it.

A

amoebocytes

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29
Q

amoebocytes many functions, including

A

Carrying nutrients to other cells.

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30
Q

Sponges are _________.

A

Hermaphroditic

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31
Q

Sponges: Gametes arise in _______ or __________.

A

choanocytes or amoebocytes

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32
Q

Sponges: Egg resides in _______, thus fertilization also happens here.

A

mesohyl

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33
Q

All animals except sponges and a few other groups belong to the clade __________, animals with true tissues.

A

Eumetazoa

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34
Q

Phylum _______ is the oldest group in the Eumetazoa clade.

A

Cnidaria.

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35
Q

__________ contain Hydras, jellies, sea anemones, and coral animals.

A

Phylum Cnidaria.

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36
Q

Phylum Cnidaria lack ________, relatively simple bodies

A

mesoderm

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37
Q

Phylum Cnidaria have over ________ species. And most of them are ________-.

A

Over 10,000 Species. most are Marine.

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38
Q

The basic body plan of a cnidarian is a sac with a central digestive compartment, called the ____________

A

gastrovascular cavity

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39
Q

Cnidaria have two basic body plans:

A

polyp & medusa

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40
Q

________ are cylindrical forms adhere to substratum with tentacles wait for prey.

A

Polyps

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41
Q

This is the flattened mouth facing down that

moves freely by drifting & contracts bell-shaped body.

A

Medusa

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42
Q

This Cnidarian exist only as a polyp.

A

sea anemone

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43
Q

This Cnidarian exist only as a medusa.

A

Jellyfish

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44
Q

Cnidocytes are armed with __________

A

Tentacles

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45
Q

cnidocytes contain a stinging capsule that contain thread, which can shoot out, puncturing or injecting poison in prey. This is called _________

A

nematocyst

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46
Q

Phylum Cnidaria is divided into 4 major classes:

A

Hydrozoa
Scyphozoa
Cubozoa
Anthozoa

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47
Q

Phylum Cnidaria: Corals contain a secrete hard external skeleton made of __________

A

calcium carbonate

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48
Q

Phylum Cnidaria: This class includes the corals and sea anemones, which occur only as polyps.

A

Class Anthozoa

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49
Q

This clade includes the flatworms, rotifers, ectoprocts, brachiopods, molluscs, and annelids.

A

clade Lophotrochozoa

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50
Q

Lophotrochozoa: This structure is used for feeding. It is a horseshoe-shaped crown of tentacles.

A

Lophophore

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51
Q

Lophotrochozoa: Animals with bilateral symmetry belong to ________

A

bilateria

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52
Q

Within protostomes are clade called

A

Lophotrochozoa

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53
Q

This phylum has about 20,000 species of flatworms. Live in marine, freshwater, and damp terrestrial environments. In addition to free-living forms, parasitic species such as flukes and tapeworms

A

Phylum Platyhelminthes

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54
Q

Phylum Platyhelminthes: These carnivores feed on prey of smaller animals or dead animals. lack specialized organs for gas exchange and circulation.

A

planaria

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55
Q

planarian move using ____ on ventral epidermis, gliding along on a film of mucus they secrete

A

cilia

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56
Q

planarian are _________, with copulation mates cross-fertilizing

A

hermaphroditic

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57
Q

group of parasitic flatworms

adults live in vertebrates

A

Tapeworms

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58
Q

This phylum contains Rotifers and has about 1,800 species.

A

Phylum Rotifera

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59
Q

Phylum Rotifera: these are tiny animals mainly inhabit freshwater. smaller than protists, but multicellular and specialized organ systems.

A

Rotifers

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60
Q

What is more complex? Flatworms or rotifers?

A

Rotifers

61
Q

some reproduce by ____________, where females produce more females from unfertilized eggs.

A

parthenogenesis

62
Q

_______________is development from egg with no paternal contribution of genes

A

parthenogenesis

63
Q

This phylum has over 150,000 known species.
Most are marine, some inhabit fresh water, and snails and slugs live on land. Also contains Squids and octopuses,Clams and oysters.

A

Phylum Mollusca

64
Q

Phylum Mollusca: muscular used for movement

A

Foot

65
Q

Phylum Mollusca: most of internal organs

A

visceral mass

66
Q

Phylum Mollusca: extends beyond visceral mass
producing water-filled cfold of tissue drapes over visceral mass
in many mollusks hamber

A

Mantle

67
Q

Phylum Mollusca: many mollusks feed using strap-like rasping organ
called ______ to scrape up food

A

radula

68
Q

What are the 4 major classes of mollusca?

A

Polyplacophora (chitons)
Gastropoda (snails and slugs)
Bivalvia (clams, oysters, and other bivalves)
Cephalopoda (squids, octopuses, cuttlefish, and chambered nautiluses)

69
Q 
Phylum Mollusca:  This class contains snails and slugs.
40,000 living species
most marine, also freshwater species
protected by single, spiraled shell
retreat into shell if threatened
A

Gastropoda

70
Q 
Phylum Mollusca:  This class contains clams, oysters, mussels, scallops
shells divided into two parts
hinged together and drawn together with powerful abductor muscles
A

Bivalvia

71
Q 
Phlyum Mollusca:  This class contains octopuses, squids, and chambered nautiluses
built for speed
carnivores
use beak-like jaws to bite prey
inject poison and immobilize prey
A

Cephalopoda

72
Q

What Phylum is this?
Segmented body resembles series of fused rings
150,000 species
1 mm to 3-m in length
Live in sea, most freshwater habitats, and damp soil.

A

Phylum Annelida

73
Q

Phylum Annelida is divided into 3 classes. What are they?

A

Oligochaeta (earthworms and their relatives)
Polychaeta (polychaetes)
Hirudinea (leeches)

74
Q

Phylum Annelida: Members of class _________ have paddle-like parapodia that work as gills and aid in locomotion

A

Polychaetes

75
Q

Phylum Annelida: Members of class _________ are blood-sucking parasites, such as leeches

A

Hirudinea

76
Q

What is a well known annelid?

A

Earthworms

77
Q

This superphylum is the most species-rich animal group.

A

Ecdysozoans

78
Q

Ecdysozoans are covered by a tough coat called a _________, which is shed or molted through a process called

A

cuticle

ecdysis

79
Q

The two largest phyla in Ecdysozoans are ____________ and __________.

A

nematodes and arthropods

80
Q

__________ have secrete exoskeletons

Animal grows, molts, sheds old exoskeleton, secretes new one

A

Ecdysozoa

81
Q

This phylum contains Roundworms.
Non-segmented bodies covered by tough cuticles.
Widespread, found in most aquatic habitats, wet soil, moist tissues of plants, body fluids and tissues of animals.

A

Phylum Nematoda

82
Q

This Phylum contains 90,000 species known.
Tough cuticle covers body.
Grows it sheds old cuticle – molting or ecdysis.

A

Phylum Nematoda

83
Q

Phylum nematoda lack a ….

A

Circulatory System.

84
Q

Great number of __________ live in soil and on bottom of lakes and seas
Important role in decomposition and nutrient cycling

A

nematodes

85
Q

Phylum Nematoda: Humans host about 50 nematode species, one being the
______ _______, which causes trichinosis

A

Trichinella spiralis

86
Q

This Phylum contains crustaceans, spiders, insects
Nearly 1 million species have been described, mostly insects
Two out of every three known species of animals are this.

A

Phylum Anthropoda

87
Q

Members of the phylum _________ are found in nearly all habitats of the biosphere

A

Arthropoda

88
Q

The arthropod body plan consists of a segmented body, hard exoskeleton, and jointed appendages, and dates to the _______

A

Cambrian Explosion (535–525 million years ago)

89
Q

Arthropod evolution is characterized by a

A

decrease in the number of segments and an increase in appendage specialization

90
Q

________ must be regarded as most successful animal phyla

A

arthropods

91
Q

Arthropods body covered by _______

A

cuticle

92
Q

________ were early arthropods – very common throughout Paleozoic era, abundant in shallow seas.
Disappeared 250 mya during Permian extinctions

A

Trilobites

93
Q

subphylum Cheliceriformes, are named for clawlike feeding appendages called _________

A

chelicerae

94
Q

The earliest cheliceriforms were __________ (water scorpions)

A

eurypterids

95
Q

Most modern cheliceriforms are ________, which include spiders, scorpions, ticks, and mites

A

arachnids

96
Q

Gas exchange in spiders occurs in respiratory organs called _____ ____

A

book lungs

97
Q

Subphylum ___________ includes millipedes and centipedes

A

Myriapoda

98
Q

Subphylum , insects and relatives, has more species than all other forms of life combined
They live in almost every terrestrial habitat and in fresh water.
The internal anatomy of an insect includes several complex organ systems.

A

Subphylum Hexapoda

99
Q

______ is one key to the great success of insects

A

Flight

100
Q

Subphylum Hexapoda: In _________ ___________, the young, called nymphs, resemble adults but are smaller and go through a series of molts until they reach full size

A

incomplete metamorphosis

101
Q

Subphylum Hexapoda: Insects with _______ ____________ have larval stages known by such names as maggot, grub, or caterpillar
The larval stage looks entirely different from the adult stage

A

complete metamorphosis

102
Q

Insects: 120,000 species.
One pair of wings.
Mouthparts modified.
Biting flies appendages like saws for cutting skin, like sponges for lapping up blood.

A

Diptera: Flies

103
Q 
Insects: Extremely speciose.
500,000 species.
Weevils adapted to feeding on seeds.
Bore hole in ovaries.
Larvae feed on growing seeds.
A

Coleoptera: Beetles

104
Q

Insects: Complex behavior.
Honeybees perform elaborate dances to communicate location of sources of food.
Flowers with pollen and nectar.

A

Hymenoptera: Ants, bees, wasps

105
Q

Insects: Chewing mouthparts.
Highly social.
Build mounds to house societies and environmental control.

A

Isoptera: Termites

106
Q

Insects: Complete metamorphosis.
Larvae mouthparts for feeding on plants.
Adult stage directed towards reproduction and dispersal.
Feed on nectar.

A

Lepidoptera: Moths and butterflies

107
Q

Insects: Two pairs of wings.
5 inches in length.
Early stage is aquatic
Feed on mosquitoes, etc.

A

Odonata: Dragonflies and damselflies

108
Q

While arachnids and insects thrive on land, ___________, for the most part, have remained in marine and freshwater environments
____________, subphylum Crustacea, typically have branched appendages that are extensively specialized for feeding and locomotion
Most have separate males and females

A

Crustaceans

109
Q

__________ include terrestrial, freshwater, and marine species.
Pill bugs are a well known group of terrestrial _________.<- same word

A

Isopods

110
Q

__________ are all relatively large crustaceans and include lobsters, crabs, crayfish, and shrimp.

A

Decapods

111
Q

Planktonic crustaceans include many species of _______, which are among the most numerous of all animals

A

copepods

112
Q

Shared characteristics define deuterostomes (Chordates and Echinoderms)

A

Radial cleavage

Formation of the mouth at the end of the embryo opposite the blastopore

113
Q

Echinoderms and chordates are

A

deuterostomes

114
Q

Sea stars and most other __________ are slow-moving or sessile marine animals
7,000 marine organisms

A

echinoderms

115
Q

Echinoderms have a unique ______ _________ ______, a network of hydraulic canals branching into tube feet that function in locomotion, feeding, and gas exchange

A

water vascular system

116
Q

Living echinoderms are divided into six classes:

A 
Asteroidia (sea stars)
Ophiuroidea (brittle stars)
Echinoidea (sea urchins and sand dollars)
Crinoidea (sea lilies and feather stars)
Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers)
Concentricycloidea (sea daisies)
117
Q

Sea stars, class __________, have multiple arms radiating from a central disk

A

Asteroidea

118
Q

The animals called ________ get their name from vertebrae, the series of bones that make up the backbone.
There are about 52,000 species of them, including the largest organisms ever to live on the Earth.

A

vertebrates

119
Q
  1. What is the biggest land animal that is a vertebrate?

2. What is the biggest animal that is a vertebrate?

A
  1. Plant eating dinosaurs (40,000kg)

2. Blue whale (100,000kg)

120
Q

Vertebrates are a subphylum within the phylum ________.

A

Chordata

121
Q

Chordates are bilaterian animals that belong to the clade of animals known as ______________.

A

Deuterostomia

122
Q

Two groups of invertebrate deuterostomes, the ___________ and ____________, are more closely related to vertebrates than to other invertebrates

A

urochordates and cephalochordates

123
Q

Four key characters of chordates:

A

Notochord
Dorsal, hollow nerve cord
Pharyngeal slits or clefts
Muscular, post-anal tail

124
Q

The ________ is a longitudinal, flexible rod between the digestive tube and nerve cord

A

notochord

125
Q

In most chordates, grooves in the pharynx called ___________ ______ develop into slits that open to the outside of the body

A

pharyngeal clefts

126
Q

__________ (_____________) are named for their bladelike shape
They are marine suspension feeders that retain characteristics of the chordate body plan as adults

A

Lancelets (Cephalochordata)

127
Q

_________ (___________) are marine suspension feeders commonly called sea squirts.

A

Tunicates (Urochordata)

128
Q

Tunicates (Urochordata) most resemble chordates during their ______ _____, which may last only a few minutes

A

larval stage

129
Q

__________ are animals with a skull in Chordata.

A

Craniates

130
Q

The least derived surviving craniate lineage is ______, the hagfishes

A

Myxini

131
Q

______ have a cartilaginous skull and axial rod of cartilage derived from the notochord, but lack jaws and vertebrae (invertebrates)

A

Myxini

132
Q

________ (______________) represent the oldest living lineage of vertebrates.
They are jawless vertebrates inhabiting various marine and freshwater habitats.
They have cartilaginous segments surrounding the notochord and arching partly over the nerve cord.

A

Lampreys (Petromyzontida)

133
Q

Today, jawed vertebrates, or _________, outnumber jawless vertebrates

A

gnathostomes

134
Q

Aquatic Gnathostomes have the _______ ____ ______, which is sensitive to vibrations

A

the lateral line system

135
Q

________________ (___________) have a skeleton composed primarily of cartilage.
The cartilaginous skeleton evolved secondarily from an ancestral mineralized skeleton.
The largest and most diverse group of these include the sharks, rays, and skates

A

Chondrichthyans (Chondrichthyes)

136
Q

The vast majority of vertebrates belong to a clade of gnathostomes called ___________.
Which includes the bony fish and tetrapods.

A

Osteichthyes

137
Q

Class ___________, the ray-finned fishes, includes nearly all the familiar aquatic osteichthyans

A

Actinopterygii

138
Q

The lobe-fins, ___________, have muscular pelvic and pectoral fins
Three lineages survive and include coelacanths, lungfishes, and tetrapods

A

Sarcopterygii

139
Q

__________ (class ________) are represented by about 6,150 species of organisms in three orders: Order Urodela (Salamanders), Order Anura (frogs and toads), and Order Apoda (caecilians).

A

Amphibians (class Amphibia)

140
Q

__________ are a group of tetrapods whose living members are the reptiles, including birds, and mammals

A

Amniotes

141
Q

The _______ clade includes the tuataras, lizards, snakes, turtles, crocodilians, birds, and the extinct dinosaurs.
They have scales that create a waterproof barrier.
They lay shelled eggs on land.

A

The Reptile Clade.

142
Q

Most reptiles are ___________, absorbing external heat as the main source of body heat

A

ectothermic

143
Q

Birds are ___________, capable of keeping the body warm through metabolism

A

endothermic

144
Q

class ________, are represented by more than 5,300 species. They have:
Mammary glands, which produce milk.
Hair.
A larger brain than other vertebrates of equivalent size.
Differentiated teeth.

A

Class Mammalia

145
Q

Mammals evolved from ________ in the late Triassic period

A

synapsids

146
Q

By the early Cretaceous, the three living lineages of mammals emerged:
1.
2.
3.

A
  1. Monotremes
  2. Marsupials
  3. Eutherians
147
Q

________ are a small group of egg-laying mammals consisting of echidnas and the platypus

A

Monotremes

148
Q

__________ include opossums, kangaroos, and koalas.

The embryo develops within a placenta in the mother’s uterus.

A

Marsupials

149
Q

Compared with marsupials, _________ have a longer period of pregnancy.
Young ___________ complete their embryonic development within a uterus, joined to the mother by the placenta.

A

eutherians

Biology 153 (4 decks)

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