Test 3 Flashcards by Christina c

What is the physical and perceptual definition of sound?

Physical: Sound is PRESSURE CHANGES in the air
Perceptual: Sound is the EXPERIENCE we have when we hear

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__ causes a slight increase in the density of molecules near the diaphragm and results in a local increase in the air pressure above atmospheric pressure. __ decreases the density of air molecules and causes a slight decrease in air pressure

Condensation; rarefaction

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A __ occurs when changes in air pressure occur in a pattern described by a mathematical function called a sine wave

Pure tone

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A vibration can be described by noting its __-the number of cycles per second that the pressure changes repeat, and its __-the size of the pressure change

Frequency; amplitude

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__ are pure tones with frequencies that are WHOLE NUMBER multiples of the fundamental frequency i.e. 2,3,4

Higher harmonics

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__ is the perceptual quality most closely related to the level or amplitude of an auditory stimulus which is expressed in decibels

Loudness

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The __ indicates the threshold for hearing versus frequency, indicates that we can hear sounds between 20 Hz and 20,0000 Hz (most sensitive: 2k-4k Hz)

Audibility curve

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__ is the perceptual quality we describe as “high” or “low” and it can be defined as the property of auditory sensation in terms of which sounds may be ordered on a musical scale

Pitch

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Notes with the same letter have the same __

Tone chroma

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__ is the quality that distinguishes between two tones that have the same loudness, pitch, and duration, but still sound different

Timbre

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__ are sounds that have sound waves that do not repeat. Examples: door slamming shut, people talking, static on a radio not tuned to a station

Aperiodic

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Sound waves first pass through the outer ear, which consists of the __ and the __

Pinna; auditory canal

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The auditory canal’s recess and wax protects the __

Tympanic membrane / eardrum

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__ occurs in the auditory canal when sound waves that are reflected back from the closed end of the auditory canal interact with sound waves that are entering the canal

Resonance

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The frequency reinforced the most is called the __ of the canal

Resonant frequency

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The middle ear (a small cavity) contains the __, the three smallest bones in the body

Ossicles

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The __, (also known as the hammer), is set into vibration by the tympanic membrane to which it is attached, and transmits its vibrations to the __ (or anvil), which then transmits its vibrations to the inner ear by pushing on the membrane covering the __

Malleus; incus; stapes, oval window

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The __ contains the hair cells which are the receptors for hearing

Organ of Corti

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The __ and __ play crucial roles in activating the hair cells

Basilar membrane; tectorial membrane

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The __, are thin processes that protrude from the tops of the hair cells, which bend in response to pressure changes

Cilia

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What happens when cilia are bent to the right?

Tip links are stretched and ion channels are OPENED (then, (K+) ions enter the cell)

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What happens when cilia move to the left?

The tip links slacken, and the channels CLOSE

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The property of firing at the same place in the sound stimulus is called __

Phase locking

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The connection between the frequency of a sound stimulus and the timing of the auditory nerve fiber firing is called __

Temporal coding

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The __, states that the frequency of a sound is indicated by the PLACE along the cochlea at which nerve firing is highest

Place theory of hearing

What is a tonotopic map?

An orderly map of frequencies along the length of the cochlea

The action of the outer hair cells is called the __

Cochlear amplifier

The way the cochlea separates frequencies along its length has been described as a(n) __

Acoustic prism

__ is caused by hair cell damage resulting from the cumulative effects over time of noise exposure, the ingestion of drugs that damage hair cells, and age-related degeneration

Presbycusis

__ occurs when loud noises cause degeneration of the hair cells

Noise-induced hearing loss

If you turn up volume on your music player, you are exposing yourself to what hearing professionals call __

Leisure noise | other sources include: recreational gun use, riding motorcycles, playing instruments, etc.

The position of sound that extends from left to right is the __

Azimuth

The position of sound which extends up and down is the __

Elevation

__ use information reaching both ears to determine the azimuth (left-right position) of sounds

Binaural cues

The two binaural cues are __ and __

1) Interaural time difference | 2) Interaural level difference

What is the interaural time difference?

The difference between when a sound reaches the left ear and when it reaches the right ear

What is the interaural level difference?

The difference in the sound pressure level of the sound reaching the two ears

A __ is a cue that depends on information from only one ear

Monaural cue

What is the cone of confusion?

When there are many pairs of points on a cone that have the same left-ear distance and right-ear distance, therefore resulting in the same ILD and ITD

The primary monaural cue for localization is called a __, because the information for localization is contained in differences in the distribution (or spectrum) of frequencies that reach each ear from different locations

Spectral cue

After the ear molds were removed, what was the result of the localization performance?

Localization remained excellent immediately after removal of the ear molds - because training with the molds created a new set of correlations between spectral cues and location, but the old correlation was still there too

ITD is best for __ frequencies, ILD for __ frequencies, and spectral cues work best for judging __ especially at higher frequencies

Low; high; elevation

__ are structures below the cerebral cortex where auditory nerve fibers from the cochlea synapse in a sequence of them

Auditory nerve fibers

The __ is also known as the auditory receiving area (A1) in the temporal lobe of the cortex

Primary auditory cortex

How does the auditory pathway show the auditory signals? SONIC MG:

- Superior olivary nucleus - Inferior colliculus - Medial geniculate nucleus

What does the Jeffress model of auditory localization propose?

Neurons are wired together so they each receive signals from the two ears

What is coincidence detector?

Neurons only fire when both signals coincide by arriving at the neuron simultaneously

One way to describe the properties of ITD neurons is to measure __, which plot the neuron's firing rate against the ITD

ITD tuning curves

In audition, the __ pathway is responsible for IDENTIFYING sounds, whereas the __ pathway is responsible for LOCATING sounds

What; where

The sound reaching your ears directly (along path 1) is called __; the sound reaching your ears later (along paths 2,3,4) is called __

Direct sound; indirect sound

What is the precedence effect?

We perceive the sound as coming from the source that reaches our ears first - basically, we perceive sound as coming from its source rather than from many different directions at once

__ is the study of how sounds are reflected in rooms, it is largely concerned with how indirect sound changes the quality of the sounds we hear in rooms

Architectural acoustics

What are the major factors affecting indirect sound?

- The size of the room | - The amount of sound that is absorbed by the walls, ceiling, and floor

__ is a representation of a familiar melody that is stored in a person's memory

Melody schema

When you tap your foot to the music, you are tapping the beat. The underlying beat of the music is called the __

Metrical structure

Phillips-Silver and Trainor concluded that the crucial factor that causes movement to influence the perception of metrical structure is stimulation of the __- the system that is responsible for balance and sensing the position of the body

Vestibular system

__ occurs because all of the sounds in the environment are combined

Auditory scene analysis

All the combinations of hearing and other senses are examples of __

Multisensory interactions

The __ is an example of vision dominating audition. It occurs when sounds coming from one place (the ventriloquist's mouth) appear to come from another place (the dummy's mouth)

Ventriloquism effect or visual capture

The __ occurs when a single flash is accompanied by two tones and the subject perceives two flashes

Two-flash illusion

The __ senses are responsible for perceptions such as touch and pain that are usually caused by stimulation of the skin

Cutaneous

__ is the ability to sense the position of the body and lims

Proprioception

__ is the ability to sense the movement of the body and limbs

Kinesthesis

The layer of dead cells is part of the outer skin which is called the __, and below it is another layer called the __

Epidermis; dermis

__ are receptors within the skin that respond to mechanical stimulation such as pressure, stretching, and vibration

Mechanoreceptors

The __ shows that adjacent areas of the skin project to adjacent areas in the brain, and that some areas on the skin are represented by a disproportionately large area of the brain - Latin for "little main"

Homunculus

__ is the ability to detect details on the skin

Tactile acuity

The classic method of measuring tactile acuity is the __, which is the minimum separation between two points on the skin that when stimulated is perceived as two points

Two-point threshold

__ is measured by pressing a grooved stimulus onto the skin and asking the person to indicate the orientation of the grating

Grating acuity

__ are provided by relatively large surface elements, such as bumps and grooves, that can be felt both when the skin moves across the surface elements and when it is pressed onto the elements - it results in feeling different shapes, sizes, and distributions of these surface elements

Spatial cues | i.e. perceiving a coarse texture such as Braille dots

__ occur when the skin moves across a textured surface like fine sandpaper. It provides information in the form of vibrations

Tempora cues

__ is the perception in which 3-dimensional objects are explored with the fingers and hand

Haptic perception

__ is caused by damage to tissue or inflammation of joints or by tumor cells

Inflammatory pain

__ is caused by lesions or other damage to the nervous system

Neuropathic pain i.e. carpal tunnel syndrome (caused by repetitive tasks such as typing, spinal cord injury, brain damage due to stroke)

__ is pain caused by activation of receptors in the skin that are specialized to respond to tissue damage or potential damage

Nociceptive pain i.e. heat, chemical, severe pressure, and cold

__ = pain occurs when nociceptor receptors in the skin are stimulated and send their signals directly from the skin to the brain

Direct pathway model of pain

__ is when people who have had a limb amputated continue to experience the limb

Phantom limbs

The __ begins with the idea that pain signals enter the spinal cord from the body and are then transmitted from the spinal cord to the brain. It proposes that there are additional pathways that influence the signals sent from the spinal cord to the brain

Gate control model

The reference to both sensory and emotional experience reflects the __

Multimodal nature of pain

When people describe their pain with words like 'throbbing, prickly, hot, dull' they are referring to the __, when they use words like 'torturing, annoying, frightful sickening' they are referring to the __

Sensory component of pain; affective (or emotional) component of pain

The perception of pain is accompanied by activation of a number of different areas of the brain. All these areas taken together are called the __

Pain matrix

__ is a condition in which stimulation of one modality (like vision) results in an experience in another modality (like touch)

Synesthesia

The fibers from the tongue, mouth, and throat make connections in the brain stem in the __

Nucleus of the solitary tract

__ make up the taste buds, and there are a number of them for each bud

Taste cells

__ are located on the tips of the taste cells. There are different ones for different chemicals. They cause transduction by affecting ion flow across the membrane of the taste cell

Receptor sites

Another finding in line with specificity theory is the effect of presenting a substance called __, which blocks the flow of sodium into taste receptors

Amiloride

Like taste, the sense of smell, or __, provides information that can be important for survival

Olfaction

Many animals are __ (having a keen sense of smell that is important to their survival), whereas humans are __ (having less keen sense of smell)

Macrosmatic; microsmatic

__ is the loss of the ability to smell as a result of injury or infection

Anosmia

The __ is a dime-sized region located on the roof of the nasal cavity just below the olfactory bulb

Olfactory mucosa

When an olfactory receptor responds, the concentration of calcium ions (Ca++) increases inside the ORN. One way of measuring this increase in calcium ions is called __

Calcium imaging

The pattern of activation for each odorant, which is indicated by reading across each row, is called the odorant's __

Recognition profile

The location of thw two main olfactory areas are:

1) The piriform cortex, which is the primary olfactory area | 2) Orbitofrontal cortex, which is the secondary olfactory area

The orbitofrontal cortex contains many __, neurons that respond to MORE THAN ONE sense

Bimodal neurons

Taste and olfaction unlocked memoryes one hadn't thought of for years, it is called __

Proust effect