Midterm 2 Flashcards by Christina c

What is visual scanning?

Looking from one place to another

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Each time you briefly paused on one face you were making a __

Fixation

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

When you move your eye to observe another face, you were making a __

Saccadic eye movement (rapid jerky movement)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is overt attention and covert attention?

Overt: Attention that involves looking DIRECTLY at the attended object
Covert: Attention without looking i.e. looking at something in our peripheral vision

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

__ refers to physical properties such as color, contrast, movement, and orientation that makes a particular object or location conspicuous

Stimulus salience

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

When attention due to stimulus salience causes an involuntary shift of attention, this shift is called __

Attentional capture i.e. a bright flash, or a loud noise

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Top-down processing is also associated with __ - an observer’s knowledge about what is contained in typical scenes

Schemas

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is spatial attention?

Attention to a specific location

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Posner interpreted that the result as showing that information processing is more effect at __

The place where attention is directed

–> “attention is like a spotlight or zoom lens that improves processing when directed toward a particular location

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The faster responding that occurs when enhancement spreads within an object is called the __

Same-object advantage

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Being unaware of clearly visible stimuli is __, and the difficulty in DETECTING CHANGES is called __

Inattentional blindness; change blindness

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Load theory of attention involves two key concepts:

1) Perceptual capacity

2) Perceptual load

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

__ refers to the idea that a person has a certain capacity that can be used for carrying out perceptual tasks

Perceptual capacity

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

__ is the amount of a person’s perceptual capacity needed to carry out a particular perceptual task

Perceptual load

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

__ is the process by which features such as color, form, motion, and location are combined to create our perception of a coherent object

Binding

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

__ tackles the question of how we perceive individual features as part of the same object

Feature integration theory

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

In the feature integration theory, the first step in processing an image of an object is the preattentive stage, where:

Objects are analyzed into separate features

i.e. rolling red ball would be analyzed into the features color (red), shape (round), movement (rolling to the right)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is Balint’s syndrome?

An inability to focus attention on individual objects

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is akinetopsia?

Blindness to motion

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Perception of motion when there actually is none is called __

Illusory motion

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

__ occur when viewing a moving stimulus for 30-60 seconds causes a stationary stimulus to appear to move

Motion aftereffects

i.e. waterfall illusion - look at a waterfall and then look somewhere else and the stationary view will appear moving up

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The fact that everything moves at once in response to movement of the observer’s eyes or body is called __

Global optic flow

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

__, which results in neurons that fire to movement in one direction

Reichardt detector

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

__ occurs when an image moves across receptors in the retina, as when Jeremy walks across Maria’s field of view while she stares straight ahead

Image displacement signal (IDS)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

__ occurs when a signal is sent from the brain to the eye muscles. This signal occurs when Maria moves her eyes to follow Jeremy as he walks across the room

Motor signal (MS)

__ is a copy of the motor signal that, instead of going to the eye muscles, is sent to a different place in the brain

Corollary discharge signal (CDS)

According to the corollary discharge theory, the brain contains a structure or mechanism called the __ that receives both the IDS and the CDS

Comparator

__ indicates the degree to which the dots move in the same direction

Coherence

Viewing only a small portion of a larger stimulus can result in misleading information about the direction in which the stimulus is moving is called the __

Aperture problem

__ is apparent movement tends to occur along the shortest path between two stimuli

Shortest path constraint

When a still picture depicts an action involving motion, it is called __

Implied motion

The idea that the motion depicted in a picture tends to continue in the observer's mind is called the __

Representational momentum

__ is defined as a segment of time at a location that is perceived to have a beginning and an ending; __ is the point in time when one event ends and another begins

Event; event boundary

Damage to various modules along the dorsal stream can impair the perception of motion. This is called __

Motion Agnosia (Akinetopsia)

What is self-motion?

Images move across the retina but object motion is not perceived

What is real motion?

Object is physically moving

What is apparent motion?

Still images presented in rapid succession induces the perception of motion. We CANNOT tell the difference between apparent and real motion

When some wavelengths are reflected more than others, it is a process called __

Selective reflection

__ is when only some wavelengths pass through the object or substance

Selective transmission

Because mixing lights involves adding up the wavelengths of each light in the mixture, mixing lights is called __

Additive color mixture

Because each blob of paint absorbs wavelengths and these wavelengths are still absorbed by the mixture, mixing paints is called __

Subtractive color mixture

When two physically different stimuli are perceptually identical, it is called __, and the two identical fields in a color-matching experiment are called __

Metamerism; metamers

The __ states that once a photon of light is absorbed by a visual pigment molecule, the identity of the light's wavelength is lost

Principle of univariance (receptor only knows total amount absorbed, NOT wavelength)

What is a unilateral dichromat?

A person with trichromatic vision in one eye and dichromatic vision in the other

__ is an effect that occurs when surrounding an area with a color changes the appearance of the surrounded area i.e. a red afterimage surrounds a white area, and causes the white area to look green

Simultaneous color contrast

The __ states that color vision is caused by opposing responses generated by blue and yellow, and by red and green

Opponent-process theory of color vision

__ is when we perceive the colors of objects as being relatively constant even under changing illumination

Color constancy

The fact that we see whites, grays, and blacks as staying about the same shade under different illuminations is called __

Lightness constancy

__ is the proportion of this light that the object reflects into our eyes

Reflectance

What is the ratio principle?

As long as the ratio remains the same, the perceived lightness will remain the same

A __ is an edge where the reflectance of two surfaces changes

Reflectance edge

An __ is an edge where the lighting changes

Illumination edge

The fuzzy border at the edge of the shadow is called the shadow's __

Penumbra

The __ molecule is responsible for bitter taste, and the __ molecule is responsible for sweet taste

Quinine; sucrose

__ is a cue that one object is in front of another / when one object hides or partially hides another from view

Occlusion

This cue is based on our ability to sense the position of our eyes and the tension in our eye muscles

Oculomotor

__ are sources of depth information that can be depicted in a picture, such as illustrations in a book or an image on the retina

Pictorial cues

When you look down parallel railroad tracks that appear to converge in the distance, you are experiencing __

Perspective convergence

We use the cue of __ when we judge distance based on our prior knowledge of the sizes of objects

Familiar size

__ occurs when distant objects appear less sharp than nearer objects and often have a slight blue tint

Atmospheric perspective

__ are when elements that are equally spaced in a scene appear to be more closely packed as distance increases

Texture gradient

__ occurs when we move, nearby objects appear to glide rapidly past us, but more distant objects appear to move more slowly i.e. looking outside the window of a moving train

Motion parallax

__ are the differences in the images on the left and right retinas

Binocular disparity

__ are points on the retina that overlap if the eyes are superimposed on each other

Corresponding retinal points

Objects that fall on corresponding points are located on a surface called the __

Horopter

The degree to which these objects DEVIATE from falling on corresponding points is called __

Absolute disparity

The difference in absolute disparities of objects in a scene is called __, which remains the same as an observer looks around a scene. It helps indicate where objects in a scene are located relative to one another

Relative disparity

__ is the angle of an object relative to the observer's eye

Visual angle

What is Emmert's law?

The farther away an afterimage appears, the larger it will seem

When two objects are the same size on the page, and have the same visual angle, but the one on top appears longer, it is called the __

Ponzo illusion

The __ causes two people of equal size to appear very different in size

Ames room

Another theory of the moon illusion is the __, which states that the moon appears smaller when it is surrounded by larger objects

Angular size contrast theory

Focus of expansion is __

Where you are heading (no flow)