Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

2150 > Midterm 2 > Flashcards

Midterm 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is visual scanning?

A

Looking from one place to another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Each time you briefly paused on one face you were making a __

A

Fixation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

When you move your eye to observe another face, you were making a __

A

Saccadic eye movement (rapid jerky movement)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is overt attention and covert attention?

A

Overt: Attention that involves looking DIRECTLY at the attended object
Covert: Attention without looking i.e. looking at something in our peripheral vision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

__ refers to physical properties such as color, contrast, movement, and orientation that makes a particular object or location conspicuous

A

Stimulus salience

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

When attention due to stimulus salience causes an involuntary shift of attention, this shift is called __

A

Attentional capture i.e. a bright flash, or a loud noise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Top-down processing is also associated with __ - an observer’s knowledge about what is contained in typical scenes

A

Schemas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is spatial attention?

A

Attention to a specific location

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Posner interpreted that the result as showing that information processing is more effect at __

A

The place where attention is directed

–> “attention is like a spotlight or zoom lens that improves processing when directed toward a particular location

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

The faster responding that occurs when enhancement spreads within an object is called the __

A

Same-object advantage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Being unaware of clearly visible stimuli is __, and the difficulty in DETECTING CHANGES is called __

A

Inattentional blindness; change blindness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Load theory of attention involves two key concepts:

A

1) Perceptual capacity

2) Perceptual load

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

__ refers to the idea that a person has a certain capacity that can be used for carrying out perceptual tasks

A

Perceptual capacity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

__ is the amount of a person’s perceptual capacity needed to carry out a particular perceptual task

A

Perceptual load

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

__ is the process by which features such as color, form, motion, and location are combined to create our perception of a coherent object

A

Binding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

__ tackles the question of how we perceive individual features as part of the same object

A

Feature integration theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

In the feature integration theory, the first step in processing an image of an object is the preattentive stage, where:

A

Objects are analyzed into separate features

i.e. rolling red ball would be analyzed into the features color (red), shape (round), movement (rolling to the right)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is Balint’s syndrome?

A

An inability to focus attention on individual objects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is akinetopsia?

A

Blindness to motion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Perception of motion when there actually is none is called __

A

Illusory motion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

__ occur when viewing a moving stimulus for 30-60 seconds causes a stationary stimulus to appear to move

A

Motion aftereffects

i.e. waterfall illusion - look at a waterfall and then look somewhere else and the stationary view will appear moving up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

The fact that everything moves at once in response to movement of the observer’s eyes or body is called __

A

Global optic flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

__, which results in neurons that fire to movement in one direction

A

Reichardt detector

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

__ occurs when an image moves across receptors in the retina, as when Jeremy walks across Maria’s field of view while she stares straight ahead

A

Image displacement signal (IDS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

__ occurs when a signal is sent from the brain to the eye muscles. This signal occurs when Maria moves her eyes to follow Jeremy as he walks across the room

A

Motor signal (MS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

__ is a copy of the motor signal that, instead of going to the eye muscles, is sent to a different place in the brain

A

Corollary discharge signal (CDS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

According to the corollary discharge theory, the brain contains a structure or mechanism called the __ that receives both the IDS and the CDS

A

Comparator

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

__ indicates the degree to which the dots move in the same direction

A

Coherence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Viewing only a small portion of a larger stimulus can result in misleading information about the direction in which the stimulus is moving is called the __

A

Aperture problem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

__ is apparent movement tends to occur along the shortest path between two stimuli

A

Shortest path constraint

31
Q

When a still picture depicts an action involving motion, it is called __

A

Implied motion

32
Q

The idea that the motion depicted in a picture tends to continue in the observer’s mind is called the __

A

Representational momentum

33
Q

__ is defined as a segment of time at a location that is perceived to have a beginning and an ending; __ is the point in time when one event ends and another begins

A

Event; event boundary

34
Q

Damage to various modules along the dorsal stream can impair the perception of motion. This is called __

A

Motion Agnosia (Akinetopsia)

35
Q

What is self-motion?

A

Images move across the retina but object motion is not perceived

36
Q

What is real motion?

A

Object is physically moving

37
Q

What is apparent motion?

A

Still images presented in rapid succession induces the perception of motion. We CANNOT tell the difference between apparent and real motion

38
Q

When some wavelengths are reflected more than others, it is a process called __

A

Selective reflection

39
Q

__ is when only some wavelengths pass through the object or substance

A

Selective transmission

40
Q

Because mixing lights involves adding up the wavelengths of each light in the mixture, mixing lights is called __

A

Additive color mixture

41
Q

Because each blob of paint absorbs wavelengths and these wavelengths are still absorbed by the mixture, mixing paints is called __

A

Subtractive color mixture

42
Q

When two physically different stimuli are perceptually identical, it is called __, and the two identical fields in a color-matching experiment are called __

A

Metamerism; metamers

43
Q

The __ states that once a photon of light is absorbed by a visual pigment molecule, the identity of the light’s wavelength is lost

A

Principle of univariance (receptor only knows total amount absorbed, NOT wavelength)

44
Q

What is a unilateral dichromat?

A

A person with trichromatic vision in one eye and dichromatic vision in the other

45
Q

__ is an effect that occurs when surrounding an area with a color changes the appearance of the surrounded area i.e. a red afterimage surrounds a white area, and causes the white area to look green

A

Simultaneous color contrast

46
Q

The __ states that color vision is caused by opposing responses generated by blue and yellow, and by red and green

A

Opponent-process theory of color vision

47
Q

__ is when we perceive the colors of objects as being relatively constant even under changing illumination

A

Color constancy

48
Q

The fact that we see whites, grays, and blacks as staying about the same shade under different illuminations is called __

A

Lightness constancy

49
Q

__ is the proportion of this light that the object reflects into our eyes

A

Reflectance

50
Q

What is the ratio principle?

A

As long as the ratio remains the same, the perceived lightness will remain the same

51
Q

A __ is an edge where the reflectance of two surfaces changes

A

Reflectance edge

52
Q

An __ is an edge where the lighting changes

A

Illumination edge

53
Q

The fuzzy border at the edge of the shadow is called the shadow’s __

A

Penumbra

54
Q

The __ molecule is responsible for bitter taste, and the __ molecule is responsible for sweet taste

A

Quinine; sucrose

55
Q

__ is a cue that one object is in front of another / when one object hides or partially hides another from view

A

Occlusion

56
Q

This cue is based on our ability to sense the position of our eyes and the tension in our eye muscles

A

Oculomotor

57
Q

__ are sources of depth information that can be depicted in a picture, such as illustrations in a book or an image on the retina

A

Pictorial cues

58
Q

When you look down parallel railroad tracks that appear to converge in the distance, you are experiencing __

A

Perspective convergence

59
Q

We use the cue of __ when we judge distance based on our prior knowledge of the sizes of objects

A

Familiar size

60
Q

__ occurs when distant objects appear less sharp than nearer objects and often have a slight blue tint

A

Atmospheric perspective

61
Q

__ are when elements that are equally spaced in a scene appear to be more closely packed as distance increases

A

Texture gradient

62
Q

__ occurs when we move, nearby objects appear to glide rapidly past us, but more distant objects appear to move more slowly i.e. looking outside the window of a moving train

A

Motion parallax

63
Q

__ are the differences in the images on the left and right retinas

A

Binocular disparity

64
Q

__ are points on the retina that overlap if the eyes are superimposed on each other

A

Corresponding retinal points

65
Q

Objects that fall on corresponding points are located on a surface called the __

A

Horopter

66
Q

The degree to which these objects DEVIATE from falling on corresponding points is called __

A

Absolute disparity

67
Q

The difference in absolute disparities of objects in a scene is called __, which remains the same as an observer looks around a scene. It helps indicate where objects in a scene are located relative to one another

A

Relative disparity

68
Q

__ is the angle of an object relative to the observer’s eye

A

Visual angle

69
Q

What is Emmert’s law?

A

The farther away an afterimage appears, the larger it will seem

70
Q

When two objects are the same size on the page, and have the same visual angle, but the one on top appears longer, it is called the __

A

Ponzo illusion

71
Q

The __ causes two people of equal size to appear very different in size

A

Ames room

72
Q

Another theory of the moon illusion is the __, which states that the moon appears smaller when it is surrounded by larger objects

A

Angular size contrast theory

73
Q

Focus of expansion is __

A

Where you are heading (no flow)

2150 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions