Test 3 Flashcards
The Triple Alliance/Central Powers consisted of…
Austria-Hungary and Germany
The Triple Entente/Allies consisted of…
Britain, France, and Russia (eventually, the U.S.)
What event started WWI in 1914?
the murder of Francis Ferdinand, heir to Austria-Hungary throne
President Woodrow Wilson believed the United States should remain _____ in WWI.
Neutral
WWI was also called _____.
trench war
What were the inventions in WWI?
poison gas
tanks
flame throwers
barbed wire
What made real neutrality difficult in 1914?
America’s economic importance and geographic position
What was the United States’s policy during war time Europe in trade?
All those fighting in the war (and those not) were free to buy supplies
British naval power meant that in practice only the _____ could trade with the USA. In the interest of neutrality, Wilson and Secretary of State _______ withdrew their opposition to loans and bank credits.
1) Allies
2) William Jennings Bryan
What would cause American industry and prosperity to fall into a financial crisis during WWI?
1) German victory
2) embargo on munitions
3) prohibition on loans
4) sudden peace
_____ was the great sea power and _____ was in the great land power WWI.
1) Britain
2) Germany
Germany created the _____ in WWI.
Submarine
What were three choices Wilson had in the blockades in WWI?
1) Strict neutrality
2) Intervene on Allied side
3) Mediate
Russians get out of war because of ______.
Internal conflicts
What caused the U.S. to enter WWI?
Zimmerman Telegram
the Germans sinking the ship, Lusitania in 1915
What was the Zimmerman Telegram?
German note to Mexico that said they’ll help get back Texas and California from America if Mexico joined WWI on Germany’s side.
England’s _____ on ships like American merchant ships increased as WWI continued, which caused tension between America and Britain.
blockade
After winning the re-election against Hughes, Wilson attempts to mediate by ______.
making a public request to both sides for a statement of war aims
Wilson’s famous speech on the war between the Allies and Central Powers was called _____.
Peace without Victory
American soldiers in WWI were called ______.
Doughboys
Name three battles Americans fought in….
Battle of Cambrai
Aisne
Battle of Lys
The second Russian revolution was caused by the _____ overthrowing the Kerensky government (democratic) and led to the Soviet Union.
Bolsheviks
_______ helped finance the war effort in America by the expansion of bank credit.
Federal Reserve System
In WWI, Congress gave the President almost _______ powers over the war economy in 1918.
dictatorial
Name the boards/industries formed under President Wilson’s (and later Herbert Hoover) war agencies in WWI.
War Industries Board War Labor Board Food Administration Fuel Board and Shipping Administration Railway Administration
The _______ blanketed the country with pamphlets and speeches about the goals of war.
Committee on Public Information
A ______ in 1918 forbade abusive language about the American flag, uniform, or acts bringing into contempt the form of government or the Constitution.
Sedition Act
Wilson created his famous ______ in 1918.
Fourteen Points
The first five of the Fourteen Points were:
open-treaty making
freedom of the seas
removal of trade barriers
impartial adjustment of colonial claims in the interest of the natives
What was the most important part of the Fourteen Points and Wilson’s baby?
League of Nations
Germany called for an armistice based on the _______ with the United States in 1918.
Fourteen Points
Who were the Big Four in the Treaty of Versailles in 1918?
Lloyd George (Britain)
Clemencaux (French)
Wilson (USA)
Orlendo (Italian)
Germany was stripped of _____ and _____, ______, _____, and pay _______ in the Treaty of Versailles (WWI).
colonies and merchant marine
disarmed
forced to surrender border areas
reparations
The Senate was divided into three groups over the ratification of the Treaty of Versailles and the League of Nations
Wilsonians–favored treaty/League of Nations
Irreconcilables– foes of treaty/League of Nations
Reservationists–accept the treaty with changes and restricting authority of League
Opposition to the Treaty of Versailles was led by ______.
Henry Cabot Lodge
The treaty was never ______ after Wilson suffered a severe stroke.
ratified
Presidential Election of 1920 candidates and the Treaty
Gov. James M. Cox of Ohio (Democrat)–support the Treaty and League of Nations
Senator Warren G. Harding (Republican)–opposed it both ambiguously
Who won the election of 1920?
Harding
Flappers were _____ in the Roaring Twenties.
dancing girls
Roaring Twenties were also called _____.
Jazz Age
Famous Jazz musicians
Louis Armstrong
Gershwin
Famous ’20s mafia boss
How was he caught?
Al Capone ("Scarface")--prohibition
jailed by tax invasionWhat were flivvers?
Cars
’20s period of _____, ______, and ______.
Republican prosperity
conservatism
isolation
Famous authors and novels.
Hemingway–Farewell to Ernst
Fitzgerald–The Great Gatsby
Famous movie stars in the ’20s.
Greta Garbo
Charlie Chaplin
Valentino
Progressive causes reached nationwide victory in 1920s.
18th Amendment (prohibition) Volstead Act of 1919--made illegal the manufacture, sale, transportation or possession of intoxicating beverages 19th Amendment--women right to vote
_____ movie with talking dialogue (sound)
The Jazz Singer
_____ Yankees baseball and disease named after him
Lou Gehrig
African American baseball player
Babe Ruth
_____ created the FBI
J. Edgar Hoover
The railroads were placed under strict regulation by the ____. This law’s purpose was partly to promote rather than prevent consolidation into fewer systems.
Esch-Cummins Act of 1920
The main public enemy in 1919 was the high cost of ____.
living
Citizens blamed _____, ______, and _____ on radical conspiracy in 1920s.
strikes
high cost of living
foreign crisis
The ________ operated from Moscow and called for revolution. Its message was repeated by two small American Communist parties. A few ______, believed to be ____origin, roused public emotions.
Third International
bombings
anarchist
In 1919, Attorney General ______ organized his famous series of raids (Red Scare) on alleged foreign radical organizations.
A. Mitchell Palmer
The last episodes of the Red Scare, two philosophical anarchists named ____ and _____ were arrested for robbery and murder. Despite impassioned agitation for their release, the two men were finally _____ in 1927.
Sacco
Venzetti
executed
In his 1920 campaign, Harding didn’t define his ______.
foreign policy
In 1921, an international conference in Washington struggled with the related problems of _____ and the ______.
disarmament
Far East
Series of treaties the USA obtained accomplished….
1) Anglo-Japanese alliance was terminated
2) status quo in Far East and integrity of China were guaranteed by all major powers concerned
3) major naval powers agreed to curtail the construction of the capital ships
United States negotiated series of funding agreements extending payment over 25 years with ________ scaled down according to ability to pay for the Europeans who took loans. In return, U.S. surrendered the possibility of ______ and agreed not to fortify possessions in the ______.
rates of interest
naval superiority
western Pacific
Congress enacted the protective _______ in 1922 due to payments by any schemes had problems.
Fordney-McCumber Tariff
The plans that successively scaled-down German payments, stabilization of German currency, and an international loan to Germany to make these steps possible.
Dawes Plan of 1923
Young Plan of 1929
France occupied the industrial _______.
Rhineland
_____ emotions were appeased by drastic changes in immigration policy. Fear and dislike of the New Immigration from S and E Europe was spread by ______ propaganda.
Anti-foreign
alarmist
Unions opposed the admission of ______ and the advance of _____ had made a mass of unskilled workers less important to industrialists.
cheap labor
technology
Congress passed new legislation in 1924 that established a ____ system limiting immigration from each country to 2 percent of its proportion of resident aliens according to the census of 1890. A special provision totally excluded the Orientals, which angered the _____.
quota
Japanese
Secretary of Treasury Andrew Mellon called for _____ _____ and proposed ____ in taxes on profits and high incomes. Depression ended quickly (1922-1923)
strict economy
cuts
Vice President Calvin Coolidge replaced Harding after he fell ill after returning from an ____ _____ in 1923.
Alaskan junket
Scandals during progressive/Harding times made people believe a political upheaval was on the rise. Farm organizations supported _________ as presidential candidate for the Progressives. His platform stressed anti-monopoly, public ownership of railroads, conservation, farm relief, and curbing of the Supreme Court.
Robert La Follette
Republicans nominated ______ and the divided Democrats nominated ______.
Coolidge (Republicans)
John W. Davis (Democrats)
Surviving Congressional Progressives, led by __________, were able to prevent the administration from turning over to private interests the government built nitrate plants on the ______ ______.
Senator George Norris of Nebraska
Tennessee River
In August 1928, Coolidge was able to get 15 nations to sign the _____ that renounced war as an instrument of national policy.
Kellogg-Briand Pact
Nominees for the presidential election of 1928
Herbert Hoover (Republican) Al Smith (Democrat)
Major campaign issue during election of 1928 was the difference in opinion toward _______.
Prohibition
In the summer of 1929, while stock rices rose beyond all relation to earnings or dividends, most industrial and financial experts predicted nothing but permanent prosperity. Signs of trouble included declines in two key industries, ______ and ______,were ignored
construction
automobiles
What are Hoovervilles?
poor camps during the Great Depression where people with no money or jobs stayed
The crash of 1929 was not a mere correction of _____ _____.
inflated values
From 1929 to 1933, manufacturing production was halted to a large extent. _____ and _____ failed, low _____ income was cut in half, and ______ grew steadily.
Banks and businesses
farm income
unemployment
Hoover fought farmers’ proposals that involved ______ and ______. He instead secured __________, which empowered to promote such time-honored remedies as cooperative marketing.
subsidy
price fixing
Federal Farm Board
prosperity will eventually trickle down from top to the bottom
trickle down economy
By 1930, the _______ _______ created by Federal Farm Board were buying and storing surplus wheat and cotton.
Stabilization Corporations
President Hoover proposed tariffs on _______ _______.
agricultural products
Tariffs on agricultural products led to further demands in Congress for industrial protection and the enactment of ________, which ended all prospects of reviving foreign trade.
Smoot-Hawley Tariff
By 1930, the Hoover administration turned to more drastic remedies. The long-brewing revolt against the _______ was speeded by the _______, which made Hoover lose support in Congress.
Republicans
Depression
Hoover was able to secure large public works ______ and measures to refinance _____ _____ and further _____ ______.
appropriations
home mortgages
stimulate credit
The ____________ lent large sums to banks, railroads, and businesses and eventually to states, cities, and agricultural credit corporations.
Reconstruction Finance Corporation
Term for newspapers during the Great Depression
Hoover blankets
WWI vets who don’t have jobs or money for their families went to White House to demand payment. The army was called in to destroy the vets’ camp with tanks and tear gas in 1932
Bonus Army
FDR talked to the people through the radio and TV to keep them calm during the Depression
Fireside chats
_____ ran for presidency in next election after Hoover’s scandal with the Bonus Army and won.
Gov. Franklin D. Roosevelt of New York
FDR delivered his famous speech called ______
Only thing we have to fear is fear itself
In 1933, Congress passed series of administration measures with unheard speed. FDR’s objectives summarized as _____, _____, and ____.
“Relief, Recovery, and Reform”
Direct federal help for the unemployed began with the _______, which set young men to work on reforestation and other conservation projects.
Civilian Conservation Corps
Larger unemployment relief programs included ____ _____ to states and _____ for vast public works.
federal grants
plans
Recovery of the economy called forth the most spectacular measures of the ____ _____ _____, measures which demonstrated its lack of consistent economic theory.
First New Deal
Approaches to recovery included the ______ _____ which reflected the traditional belief that government spending somehow caused economic decline
Economy Act
gave the president power to negotiate low-tariff agreements in order to revive foreign trade
Trade Agreements Act
legalized the beer industry and eventually ______ swept away Prohibition completely
Beer Act
21st Amendment
Most important recovery programs of the First New Deal relied on two main methods:
1) raising prices by restricting output and controlled competition
2) inflation
Codes in business that cooperated with people and the Unions
Blue Eagle
______ gave industry the legal right to agree on binding codes of common practice. These codes would end sharp practice, unfair treatment of labor, and unjust, below cost cuts in prices.
National Industrial Recovery Act
To compensate for the end of antitrust laws, workers were promised in the famous _____ of the _____ the right to “organize and bargain collectively through representatives of their own choosing…free from the interference, restraint or coercion of employers.”
Section 7A of NIRA
sough primarily to raise farm prices by many and complex methods; most striking feature was a system of subsidies to be given farmers who agreed to decrease production
Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1933
_____ was provided for in an amendment to the AAA, sponsored by Senator Elmer Thomas of Oklahoma. The _____ ______ gave the president power to inflate the currency in many ways.
Inflation
Thomas Amendment
Talks about the Dust Bowl and the great drought that starts in 1934 (based on true fact)
The Grapes of Wrath by Steinback
The ________, formed by the President to arbitrate multiplying controversies, lacked both authority and consistent policy.
National Labor Board
During 1935-1939, the ______ movement achieved some influence among American intellectuals and among some elements of labor.
Communist movement
Who wrote The Jungle
Upton Sinclair
“Every Man a King” proposal was created by _____ and was about taking from the rich to give to the poor.
Huey P. Long
The __________ wasn’t really aimed at a systematic alteration of the economic or social system; contained no measures aimed at direct regulation of business on the scale of NIRA and none whose objectives were as sweeping at those of TVA; and main focus was to get the economy going and correct in the process some obvious injustices.
Second New Deal
A special agency provided employment for unemployed youths and assisted students to stay in college
National Youth Administration
_______ administered by the former social worker Harry Hopkins that built roads, schools, parks, and countless other projects and employed actors, musicians, and writers.
Works Progress Administration
tried to move families from submarginal land
Resettlement Administration
brought power lines to areas not served to private utilities
Rural Electrification Administration
_____ laid the foundations for a system of old age, unemployment, and disability insurance financed largely by employer and employee contributions
Social Security Act
a banking act in 1935 insured the banks and increased the power of the Federal Reserve Board to buy and sell government securities in the open market for stabilization purposes
FDIC
go into place of protest and sit down so you can’t be replaced by other workers
Sit-downs
Organized without employer interfering and to collect bargain; outlawed employer coercion and support of the company unions
Wagner Act
_______ of 1935 sharply increased taxes on high incomes, corporations, and estates
Revenue Act
restricted the practice of piling one company on another in the fashion popular in the 1920s
Public Utility Holding Company Act
Led by ______, the head of the United Mine Workers, a group of rebels formed within the ________, a Committee for Industrial Organizations. Eventually became the independent Congress of Industrial Organizations.
John L. Lewis
American Federation of Labor
In 1936, the Republicans nominated ______, the moderately liberal governor of Kansas, to oppose FDR.
Alfred M. Landon
FDR in February 1937 unveiled a drastic proposal for changing the _____ ______ after series Supreme Court rulings against the New Deal laws. One justice was to be added for every member who failed to retire after 70.
Court’s personnel
In the summer of 1936, production, profits, and wages had been edging toward the levels of 1929. The president acted to tighten credit and cut the budget, particularly ____ ____.
WPA funds
English economist _______ argued that in time of depression deficit spending by government was necessary in order to induce and prime the pump of private investment.
Keynes
__________ the administration worked hard with some success to reduce naval armament further according to the pattern set by the Washington Conference of 1921 and was the last victory for disarmament.
London Conference of 1930
_____ was the most dramatic collapse of international order due to the _______ breaking the League Covenant and the Republican security structure, consisting of Washington Nine-Power Treaty and the Kellogg Peace Pact.
Far East
Japanese
Resorting to purely moral force, Secretary of State _______ announced that the U.S. would not recognize the Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo. He wouldn’t recognize any situation brought about by force in violation of the ____ ____ or _____ _____.
Henry Stimson
Open Door
Chinese integrity
forbade loans to nations in default and created by Midwestern isolationist Progressives
Johnson Act of 1934
FDR continued program of cementing good relations with Latin America. The nonintervention policy was not only restated by intervention in Panama and Cuba was repudiated.
Good Neighbor Policy
From 1934 on, the administration had and used authority to negotiate mutual ____ _____ through reciprocal trade treatites.
tariff reductions
Revival of international trade was involved in FDR’s decision in 1933 to recognize _____ ______.
Soviet Union
In 1936, ____ opened a Fascist rebellion against the republican government of Spain. He was associated with Hitler and Mussolini.
Franco
In 1936-1937, the _____ united the major dissatisfied, essentially aggressive states. Leader of the Japanese was _______.
Berlin-Rome-Tokyo Axis
Hirohito Hiroshito
Hitler’s steps to WWII:
remilitarize Rhineland Austria Czech/Sudentanland Poland
American Neutrality Acts ()
1) forbade arms shipments to all belligerents
2) forbade loans to belligerents
3) existing prohibitions permanent and forbade American travel on belligerent ships
4) President has power for 2 years to list commodities other than munitions which belligerents would be required to pay and transport on their own (cash and carry provision)
gunboat attacked and sunk by the Japanese, but apologies made without much excitement
Panay
new name for the Japanese Empire
New Order in Asia
In 1938, Hitler occupied Austria and began threatening Czech., which led to the ______ ______ that was created by the Prime Minister of Britain _______ that was between Britain, France, Italy, and Germany.
Munich Agreement
Chamberlain
Forced Czech. to surrender certain strategic frontier districts inhabited by German-speaking people and was nullified later after Hitler took over the rest of Czech. in 1939.
Munich Agreement
Created peace pacts _____ and _____ with Hitler.
Russia
trade and nonaggression
After Hitler invaded ______ on Sept. 1, Britain and France declared war on Germany.
Poland
WWII also called ______ _____ after nothing happens in the beginning.
Phony War
What is blitzkrieg?
lightning war
After half of Europe was conquered by Nazi Germany, Britain replaced their previous Prime Minister with ____.
Winston Churchill
In the Battle of Britain, the ____ ____ _____ defeated the German effort to clear the way for invasion.
Royal Air Force
Anti-interventionist side with the traditional Midwestern isolationist were _______.
Anglophobes
______ _______ was conquered France by the Germans and ruled by Henri Petain
Vichy France
First president to break two-term tradition after being renominated by Democrats in 1940 for the Presidency.
FDR
allowed the government to lend, lease, or otherwise transfer military equipment to nations resisting aggressors and amounted to a declaration of partial war from USA
Lend Lease Act
June 22, 1941, Hilter sent his troops into Russia in an operation known as….
Operation Barbarossa
Roosevelt and Churchill met in the Atlantic on August 14, 1941, to discuss war aims and to illustrate Anglo-American solidarity. The _____ _____ was issued with their joint signatures.
Atlantic Charter
document disclaimed for the USA and Great Britain any desire for territorial changes not in the interests of the people concerned; asserted the right of all peoples to choose the form of government under which they wished to live; it promised objectives included improved labor conditions, the unhindered use of the high seas, and the disarmament of aggressor nations as a step toward the abandonment of the use of force in international relations.
Atlantic Charter
in 1941, undeclared navy warfare with Germany began
United States
Open Door Policy and Japan’s New Order in conflict with each other, and long-standing _______ ______ between Japan and the United States would be abrogated in 1939.
commercial treaty
In 1940, _____, ______, and ______ signed the Tripartite Pact (Axis Powers), which obliged each other to help the other in case of an attack by any power not then at war.
Germany, Italy, and Japan
Neither Japan nor the USA was willing to compromise about future actions. The Japanese did say they would not advance beyond Indo-China if the USA agreed to _____, _______, ______, and _____.
1) supply them with their needs for gas and oil
2) restore normal commercial relations
3) guarantee the delivery to Japan of strategic supplies from the Netherlands Indies
4) give no further aid to China
USA countered Japan’s demands for compromise with _____, _____, and _____ and _____.
1) Japan withdraw from both China and French Indo-China
2) recognize the government of Chiang Kai-shek
3) abide by the principles of nonaggression and commercial equality
Became head of the Japanese military government in October
Tojo
A special envoy, _______, was sent to Washington in November with further proposals for peace. While conversations with him were in progress on Dec. 7, a Japanese carrier-borne air force attacked _____ _____.
Saburo Kurusu
Pearl Harbor
December 8, 1941, Congress recognized the existence of a _______ with Japan after Pearl Harbor. Subsequently, _____ and ____ declared war on the United States.
state of war
Germany and Italy
Fought the Japanese at Bataan and Corregidor in the Philippines, but both places were lost to the enemy; left the islands to go to Australia to take command of the Allied Forces there
General MacArthur
______ tried to accelerate war production by prohibiting the manufacture of certain civilian products containing iron and steel by a system of priorities directing essential materials and products to manufacturers and consumers and by a kind of national budgeting of steel, aluminum, and copper.
War Production Board
_____, ____, and ______ were set by the ________.
1) Wages, rents, and prices of all basic commodities and services
2) Office of price Administration
In November 1942, the Anglo-American armada landed troops in _____ _____ _____.
French North Africa
_______ and his men faced little serious fighting except at Casablanca and Oran.
Eisenhower
________ was able to outmaneuver Henri Giraud to become the French leader in North Africa
Charles de Gaulle
