Test 2 Flashcards
What year did Congress make provisions for the first transcontinental railroad?
1862
Which railroad company was commissioned in the railroad construction beginning in Omaha, Nebraska?
Union Pacific Railroad
Which railroad company was commissioned in the construction beginning in Sacramento, California?
Central Pacific Railroad
Where did these two railroad lines meet?
Ogden, Utah in 1869
Who was the genius behind the eastern railroad networks?
Cornelius Vanderbilt
Who were the biggest haters for the railways?
Farmers
What is the Granger Movement? When did it occur?
After the Panic of 1873, farmers organized themselves to protest against the railroads for overcharging and placed pressure on state legislatures to regulate the railroads.
What is the significance of the Wabash Case?
In 1886, the Supreme Court ruled that the state railway restrictions couldn’t be applied to control interstate commerce, which was strictly reserved for Congress. The states could, however, control commerce within their own borders.
What is the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887?
Specifically prohibited rebates and pooling profits and required companies to publicize their rates. Companies shouldn’t be higher charges for short hauls than for a long haul and forbade unfair discrimination against shipments or shippers. The Interstate Commerce Commission was created to enforce and administer the new legislation.
Did the Interstate Commerce Commission work?
No, the law wasn’t feared by operators and welcomed by who who were eager to put a stop to cutthroat tactics. Railroad stocks rose and the courts weakened possible control of rails by ruling the Commission had no power to fix rates and make regulations.
What reasons caused the United States to rise in rank for manufacturing?
1) Liquid capital
2) abundant mineral resources
3) adequate labor
4) American ingenuity
Eli Whitney’s important inventions?
1) cotton gin
2) interchangeable parts
Name some inventions that hastened the Second American Industrial Revolution.
1) cash register
2) stock ticker
3) Christopher Scholes’ typewriter
4) refrigerator car
5) electric dynamo and the electric railway
Who created the telephone in 1876?
Alexander Graham Bell
Who invented the incandescent electric light, the phonograph, the mimeograph, the dictaphone, and the moving picture?
Thomas A. Edison
Used to control a large part of the market of one commodity. Stockholders in various smaller companies would assign their stock to the board of directors of the trust, who would then pay dividends out of the profits of the consolidated enterprise.
trust
Name advantages of the trust.
1) permanent and limited financial liability of its stockholders
2) size allowed to take full advantage of the money-saving techniques of mass production and mark it cheaply
3) limit production
4) fix prices
5) secure favorable railroad rates
Describe the Bessemer process.
A method of making cheap steel that required cold air blown on red-hot iron caused metal to become white-hot by igniting the carbon and thus eliminating impurities.
The personification of the age of steel was…?
Andrew Carnegie
Who manufactured steep pipe tubing?
J.P. Morgan
In 1900, who bought Carnegie’s steel holdings?
J.P. Morgan
What is the United States Steel Corporation?
J.P. Morgan’s monopoly over steel companies that he created in 1901 after expanding his industrial empire by adding the Carnegie holdings, added others, and watered the stock liberally.
What is Social- Economic Darwinism in John D. Rockefeller’s opinion?
Survival of the best company
When and where was the first oil well discovered and produced oil?
In 1859 and in Pennsylvania (Drake’s Folly)
Who dominated the new oil business?
John D. Rockefeller
In 1870, Rockefeller organized…?
the Standard Oil Company of Ohio, the nucleus of the great trust he formed in 1882
Name other trusts that popped up.
1) Sugar Trust
2) Tobacco Trust
3) Leather Trust
4) Harvester Trust
Who dominated the meat industry?
Swift and Armour
How did the trusts defend themselves from state legislatures and the law?
1) the Congress jurisdiction over interstate commerce
2) 14th Amendment, which had originally been designed to protect the rights of ex-slaves as persons
Industrialists sough to incorporate easy states for what reason?
Low restrictions on big business were mild or non-existent
Congress passed it after the public appealed to them about control over the trusts. The act prohibited combinations in restraint of trade, without any distinctions between “good” and “bad” trusts.
Sherman Anti-Trust Law of 1890.
Was the Sherman Anti-Trust Law of 1890 effective?
No, it contained loopholes for trusts but it was effective against labor unions. The law wouldn’t be strengthened until 1914.
Agriculture in post-war South had a hard time getting back on its feet. Who grew cotton post-Civil War?
Negro and white sharecroppers with one mule for a share of the crop.
Who invented the machine production of cigarettes in the 1880s and is the leader of the American Tobacco Company? His name was given to which famous university?
1) James Buchanan Duke
2) Duke University
Why did the South not have as many factories or industries? What were some of their advantages over the North?
They lacked capital and the skills to develop industry, but they still had raw product, water power, cheap land, cheap labor, a mild climate, low taxes, railroads, and seaports
Name an industry that moved to the South after capital amassed in the Southern states.
the iron industry in Birmingham, Alabama
Name reasons the United States turned to imperialism.
1) growth of American industry, need for raw materials, additional markets, and for places to invest surplus capital
2) closing of the frontier in 1890
3) European powers’ influence
4) call for expansion
Russian purchase in 1867 and called “Seward’s Folly”
Alaska
Served American merchant ships as supply harbors and coaling stations before coming under American control in 1872 with the Pago Pago harbor.
The Samoan Islands
Served American merchant ships as supply and refueling station. It drew American missionaries to convert natives to Christianity and American investors for sugar plantations.
The Hawaiian Islands
The last Hawaiian queen in 1893 and was against American investors.
Queen Liliuokalani
Americans interested in Spanish colony for strategic location and importance as a key defense base.
Cuba
Name causes for the Spanish-American War.
1) Humanitarianism
2) economic interest in Cuba
3) Yellow Press/newspapers stir up war spirit
4) De Lome Letter controversy
5) sinking of the Maine
Describe the controversy behind the De Lome Letter.
Written by the Spanish minister in Washington to a friend in Cuba and stolen from the Havana post office, this private letter belittled President McKinley as a weak, incompetent politician.
What is the significance of the sinking of the battleship Maine?
Visited in Havana harbor, it was blown up with a loss of 260 American lives. McKinley sought to avert war and urged Americans to remain calm regarding Cuba, but he demanded that Spain proclaim an armistice, end the concentration camps, and negotiate with the rebels.
Leading up to the Spanish-American War, what did Congress approve and recognize Cuba for?
1) agreed to use of armed forces in Cuba
2) recognized the independence of Cuba
3) Teller Resolution, declared that the U.S. wouldn’t annex Cuba
Describe the victory of Manila Bay.
Commodore George Dewey and Assistant Secretary of the Navy Theodore Roosevelt. Roosevelt took advantage of Dewey’s temporary absence to direct Dewey two months earlier to be thoroughly prepared for action. They moved into Manila Bay without losing a single man and sank the whole Spanish fleet of ten ships.
Theodore Roosevelt and his Rough Riders took part in the seizing of what city?
San Juan Hill
“Splendid little war” dubbed by who and for what?
1) John Hay
2) Spanish-American War
What did the Treaty of Paris in 1898 agree upon?
1) Cuba free from Spanish control
2) Puerto Rico and Guam ceded to the United States
The Philippines fought against U.S. control after they bought it for $20 million. Who led the rebellion and why?
Aguinaldo because they didn’t want to be dominated by the United States.
Who argued for the acceptance of the Treaty of Paris in 1898? What was his reasoning?
1) William J. Bryan
2) the war wouldn’t be officially over until the U.S. ratified the pact and the sooner the Philippines could be given their independence
Puerto Rico was given the status of an incorporated territory and not meant for statehood.
Foraker Act of 1900
Granted the Puerto Ricans American citizenship and the right to elect both houses of the Puerto Rican legslature
The Jones Act of 1917
When were the Puerto Ricans allowed to elect their own governor?
1947
American military government was set up under who in Cuba?
General Leonard Wood
Who helped clean up the yellow fever epidemic and the mosquito breeding places?
General Wood and Dr. Walter Reed
What did the Platt Amendment do in the Cuban constitution?
Cuba can’t sign any foreign treaty that threatened her independence and the United States was allowed to intervene to preserve Cuban independence and to protect life, liberty, and property.
Name a famous naval base in Cuba.
Guantanamo Bay
During President FDR’s term, he enacted the _______ in 1934 and abrogated the _________.
1) Good Neighbor Policy
2) Platt Amendment
What event happened in 1959 in Cuba?
Rebels led by Fidel Castro overthrew the dictatorship of Batista and seized power. He aligned himself with Communism.
United States and Great Britain agreed to share control of any canal across Central America in what treaty?
Clayton-Bulwer Treaty of 1850
In 1903, Secretary Hay negotiated the _________ by which Britain permitted the United States to go ahead without her in building and operating the canal. In return, the United States pledged what?
1) Hay-Pauncefote Treaty
2) to let ships of all nations to use the canal
Who attempted to construct the Panama Canal but failed?
Ferdinand de Lesseps
Why was the treaty in 1903 rejected by Colombia?
Because it hoped for better terms the following year when the French company’s franchise would expire.
Panama revolted against Colombian rule and the United States helped. What did this do with relations for Latin America?
Roosevelt’s boast and actions earned Panama ill-will and in an effort to appease Colombia, the U.S. paid $25 million for Panama
Treaty with Republic of Panama’s Philippe Bunau-Varilla promised what?
American control “in perpetuity” of the Canal Zone, American intervention was permitted if it was necessary to preserve order, and Panama had to be paid an annual rental and another payment.
Who was in charge of building the canal and solved the problem of uneven terrain?
George M. Goethals, an army engineer
Who wiped out malaria and yellow fever in the Canal Zone?
William Gorgas
In 1899, Secretary of State John Hay prompted the six leading powers to affirm equal treatment for foreign commerce within their spheres of interest in China. This policy was called _______.
Open Door Policy
What led to an international rescue expedition in 1900 for China?
Anti-foreign Boxer Rebellion in Peking
On September 6, 1901, an anarchist shot ________ and allowed _____ to become the President.
1) President McKinley
2) Theodore Roosevelt
Progressive reform did what for the United States people?
1) farmer content
2) social contrasts sharp
3) wages slow
4) Progressives were middle class, Anglo-Saxon Protestants
5) Socialism favored
6) end corruption and return power to good citizens
Name two people who favored Socialism.
Eugene Debs and Upton Sinclair
Name two African American reformists and activists.
Booker T. Washington
W.E.B. DuBois
Leading Progressive magazine was ____.
McClure’s
Roosevelt called journalists exposing corruption _____
Muckrackers
Two men from Mississippi who were anti-Negro demagogues.
Theodore “The Man” Bilbo
James K. Vardaman (Senator)
Theodore Roosevelt passed, in 1901, _____ that created _____, which would collect information about abuses committed in interstate industry.
1) Department of Commerce and Labor
2) Bureau of Corporations
In a coal strike in 1902, how did Roosevelt end the strike between the workers and the operators?
The Square Deal–support workers by being fairing with you.
Supported by the railroads themselves, forbid special rebates to large customers, but the Interstate Commerce Commission was still hamstrung in any effort to regulate railroads.
The Elkins Act of 1903
Gave the ICC power to set aside existing schedules and determine reasonable rates pending court review, required uniform bookkeeping practices to enable it to keep track of operations, and its jurisdiction was strengthened in other ways.
The Hepburn Act of 1906
If the United States objected to intervention by others in the Caribbean (and Western Hemisphere), it was her duty when necessary to police that area herself, according to Theodore Roosevelt. What was this called?
Roosevelt Corollary of the Monroe Doctrine
The Peace of Portsmouth was for…
A mediation by Roosevelt for the Russians and Japanese and while it did give Japan considerable amounts of land, they were denied money indemnity which was unpopular.
Japan and the United States agreed to respect equal opportunity for foreign countries to trade in China, Chinese territorial integrity, and each other’s Far Eastern possessions.
Root-Takahira Agreement in 1908
What was William Howard Taft’s view of the Presidency?
The President should stay within his constitutional role and not stretch it as had Roosevelt
What was the controversy between the new Payne-Aldrich Tariff and the Speaker of the House of Representatives Joseph G. Cannon?
Progressives demanded a lower tariff but Taft only compromised by making the new tariff moderate. Because Taft wanted the tariff bill to pass, he didn’t support the Progressives’ attack on Cannon.
What were some of Taft’s successes?
1) 16th Amendment provided income tax
2) Mann-Elkins Act strengthened the ICC
3) Postal Savings and Parcel Post Acts
4) Federal Bureau of Mines and a Children’s Bureau established
5) Labor was separated from Commerce Department
6) 2x more antitrust suits than Roosevelt
Roosevelt angry at Taft for moving against who? Why?
J.P. Morgan and the United States Steel Co.
Morgan helped the United States in the Panic of 1907
Progressive Republican League was created in 1911 and led to the creation of a new political party led by….
Progressive Party
Theodore Roosevelt
What was the Progressive Party’s platform?
1) prohibition of child labor
2) minimum wages for women
3) social insurance
4) initiative, referendum, and recall
5) direct election of senators
6) preferential primaries for Presidency
7) woman suffrage
8) popular recall for some judicial decisions
Name the presidential candidates for the election of 1912.
Woodrow Wilson (Democratic) Theodore Roosevelt (Progressive Party) Taft (Republican) Eugene Debs (Socialist Party)
Reduced the tariff rates to about the level of pre-Civil War days and extending the free list and included a moderate income tax.
Underwood Tariff
Divided the country into 12 Federal Reserve Districts where there was a Federal Reserve Association, which national banks must join and others might join. Each Federal Reserve Bank would receive cash reserves of its member banks, grant loans to them, and re-discount their business and some agricultural papers.
Federal Reserve Act of 1913
Prohibited specific practices such as discrimination in prices, tying agreements, interlocking directorates, or purchase by one firm of stock in another.
Clayton Anti-Trust Act
Who was the first lady President? Why?
Edith Wilson
After Wilson suffered a terrible stroke
Who has won Nobel Peace Prizes?
Obama
Theodore Roosevelt
Martin Luther King, Jr.
Prominent antitrust lawyer and progressive intellectual was appointed to Supreme Court amid storm of conservative criticism.
Louis Brandeis
Long-term rural credits and to an act prohibiting interstate shipment of goods made by child labor
Federal Farm Loan Act
Who increased the effectiveness of Eli Whitney’s interchangeable parts?
Henry Ford
