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Bio 3 > Test #3 > Flashcards

Test #3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

oxytocin

A
  • hypothalamus and posterior pituitary
  • mammary glands, uterine muscles
  • childbirth and lactation
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2
Q

ADH

A
  • posterior pituitary
  • kidney tubules
  • an increase in blood osmolarity
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3
Q

FSH and LH

A
  • anterior pituitary
  • testes and ovaries
  • causes egg to grow, raises estrogen, triggers ovulation
  • trophic effects
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4
Q

TSH

A
  • anterior pituitary
  • thyroid
  • metabolism in almost every tissue
  • trophic effects
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5
Q

ACTH

A
  • anterior pituitary
  • adrenal cortex
  • metabolizes fats and carbohydrates
  • trophic effects
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6
Q

prolactin

A
  • anterior pituitary
  • mammary glands
  • secretion of milk
  • nontropic effects
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7
Q

MSH

A
  • anterior pituitary
  • melanocytes, regulates skin color
  • increased production of melanin
  • nontropic effects
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8
Q

GH

A
  • anterior pituitary

- need for growth, cell regeneration

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9
Q

thyroxine (T4)

A
  • thyroid
  • regulates body’s metabolic rate, heart and digestive functions, muscle control, and brain development
  • stimulates growth of TSH
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10
Q

triiodothyronine (T3)

A
  • thyroid
  • binds to protein, regulates body temperature, metabolism, and heart rate
  • stimulates growth of TSH
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11
Q

PTH

A
  • parathyroid glands
  • regulates calcium levels
  • when calcium in blood is too low
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12
Q

insulin

A
  • pancreas
  • regulates how the body stores and uses glucose and fat
  • lowers glucose levels
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13
Q

glucagon

A
  • pancreas
  • prevents blood glucose levels from dropping too low
  • raises blood glucose levels
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14
Q

epinephrine and norepinephrine

A
  • adrenal medulla
  • adrenaline, response to stress and controls blood pressure
  • food, sex, or survival
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15
Q

aldosterone

A
  • adrenal cortex
  • aid in conservation of sodium, secretion of potassium, water retention, and stabilizes blood pressure
  • when sodium levels are too high in urine, sweat, and stomach
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16
Q

cortisol

A
  • adrenal cortex
  • control blood sugar levels, regulate metabolism, helps reduce inflammation, and assist in memory formulation
  • stress, low blood glucose levels
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17
Q

testosterone

A
  • testes
  • stimulates production
  • low levels
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18
Q

progesterone

A
  • ovaries
  • regulates condition of the endometrium of the uterus
  • prepares body for a pregnancy
19
Q

estrogen

A
  • ovaries
  • development of breasts, endometrium, and regulation of menstrual cycle
  • egg has been released
20
Q

melatonin

A
  • pineal gland
  • maintains body’s circadian rhythm
  • darkness
21
Q

Endocrine System

A
  • control and coordination
  • 5 to 6 minutes
  • glands and hormones
  • bloodstream, everywhere in the body
  • takes and lasts longer
  • growth and development
  • emotions
  • chemical
  • still specific=receptor to receive hormone
22
Q

Nervous System

A
  • control and coordination
  • less than a second
  • short pulses, signals fast
  • reactionary
  • electrical and short distance chemical
  • short-term
  • muscle contractions, controls endocrine system
23
Q

Endocrine Signaling

A

release of hormones that act on distinct target cells, travels in blood, but receptor not in the blood outside of cell

24
Q

Paracrine Signaling

A

cell-to-cell, vesicles break through the cell and act on nearby target cells

25
Q

Autocrine Signaling

A

releases hormone that binds to itself

26
Q

Synaptic Signaling

A

cell-to-cell with synapse, junction between neuron and target

27
Q

Neuroendocrine Signaling

A

receives signal from neuron and releases a hormone

28
Q

Pheromones

A

can signal others, usually by smell

29
Q

Hormones

A
  • steroids=built with lipids, non water soluble
  • polypeptide=many amino acids
  • amine=one amino acid
30
Q

Water Soluble Hormones

A
  • amine and polypeptides
  • vesicles to move out of cell (exocytosis)
  • target cell with receptor on outside
  • message transduction, chances inside of receptor (2nd message)
  • short half-life
31
Q

Water Insoluble Hormones

A
  • diffuses out of cell
  • carrier proteins, delivers hormone through bloodstream
  • receptor on inside of cell, usually goes to nucleus, controls production of proteins (start or stop)
  • transcription factor-can start or stop transcription by the production of proteins
  • long half-life
32
Q

kinase

A

enzyme, adds phosphate groups to something else (gets turned on by a receptor), inactive but already in the cell

33
Q

Signal Transduction

A
  • exocytosis->receptor->protein->kinase
  • turned on by additional phosphate group
  • type of receptor>what hormone it is
34
Q

Regulatory Pathways

A
  • negative feedback is more common
  • control feedback=state of homeostasis using positive and negative feedback
  • negative=stimulus then response are opposite
  • positive=reinforces stimulus
35
Q

Hypothalamus

A
  • produces hormones that affect both lines of the pituitary
  • releases and inhibiting hormones
  • oxytocin and DH
  • tells pituitary to release certain hormones
  • located in the brain and is connected to the pituitary gland
36
Q

Pituitary

A
  • controlled by hypothalamus, also releases oxytocin

- split into two lobes; anterior and posterior

37
Q

Releasing Hormones

A
  • produced by hypothalamus
  • carried to anterior pituitary
  • accelerates secretion of a given hormone
38
Q

Inhibiting Hormones

A

produced by hypothalamus that restricts the secretion of a given hormone

39
Q

Trophic Hormones

A

controls the release of other hormones from other gladns

40
Q

Hormone Cascade Pathway-Drop in Body Temperature

A
  1. sense blood temperature has changed
  2. cold blood hits hypothalamus and releases TRH to the anterior pituitary gland
  3. anterior pituitary releases a trophic hormone into the bloodstream and finds its way to the thyroid
    • thyroid hormones are lipid soluble
    • can go straight to nucleus to control transcription and enzyme production
  4. tells nucleus to burn glucose to produce ATP
  5. creates more waste heat
  6. negative feedback is used to turn pathway off
41
Q

fission

A

splitting into two or more parts, asexual

42
Q

budding

A

act of developing buds, asexual

43
Q

regeneration/fragmentation

A

process of renewal, asexual

44
Q

parthenogensis

A

laying eggs, asexual

Bio 3 (7 decks)

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