Test 3 Flashcards
What are the two types of knowledge
procedural & declarative
What is procedural knowledge
knowledge we have acquired through learning about how to do things
How is do we learn procedural knowledge
practice or repetition.
What is declarative knowledge
knowledge based on facts and events
What are the two types of declarative knowledges
episodic and semantic
What is episodic knowledge
autobiographical knowledge based on events
What is semantic knowledge
factual knowledge of words and concepts
Which type of declarative knowledge has temporal tags (you know when about it happened or you experienced it)
episodic
Explain cohen & corkin’s work on the tower of hanoi and amnesiacs
had regular people and amnesiacs do the tower of hanoi task. Found that everyone could do it, and everyone could do it again after learning the procedure but the amnesiacs don’t remember doing the the task
What important idea in cognitive science does the cohen and corkin’s work on the tower of hanoi and amnesiacs show
there is a dissociation between explicit (episodic memory) & implicit (procedural memory)
What happened when HM did the mirroring task
he got better and better at doing it but he never remembered doing it previously
What is semantic memory and what kind of knowledge group is it under
it is the permanent memory of general word knowledge. It is under declarative knowledge.
What are two forms of proof that semantic memory is highly organized
loftus’ work on ca crashes, and word associations.
What occurred in Tulvings study of subjective organization
when participants recalled words from a list they said them in specific clusters
What are the three models of semantic memory
feature lists model, hierarchical network model, and spreading activation model
Explain the decision process of deciding if something belongs to a semantic category according to the feature lists model
you compare all the features of both categories if there is high overlap or absolutely no overlap there will be a quick response. If there is some overlap there is an intermediate score and we go to the second stage. In the second stage we look at the defining features and then make a decision based on the overlap of defining features
What is a problem for the semantic feature comparison model
there are disconfirming sentences.
What does the hierarchical network model assume
there are different levels of categories and it takes a set amount of time to move up each level and the more levels you have to move up the longer the decision process will take.
What is the problem with the hierarchical network model
doesn’t explain why typical items have faster responses than non typical items
What is a good example of why the spreading activation model is correct
semantic priming
Why was mental imagery barely studied until the 1950’s
behaviourism
Sheppard showed participants 200 pictures. After in the test phase he showed participants a picture and asked if it was one that they saw. What were the results
98% of the time participants were correct
Nickerson did the same kind of task as shepherd but did the picture test a day later and then a year later what were his results
92% and 63%
Which hemisphere is better and at processing words
the left hemisphere
which hemisphere is better at picture processing
the right hemisphere
What are some factors that effect how specialized a person’s hemispheres are
the person’s experience, gender, left handedness.
What is Pavio’s dual coding theory
We have two ways to represent (code) information. One is verbal (left hemisphere processing) and one is non verbal (right hemisphere processing).
What are three things that effect which type of code we will use
the nature of the information, the task, and individual differences in people
When pavio did a cued recall task for high imaginability and low imaginability words what pairs were best remember to least remembered
2 high imagery, high imagery cue to low imagery recall, low imagery cue to high imagery recall, 2 low imagery
Why is recall best when given two high imaginability pairs
we make compound images
What are three methods used to look at subjective imagery ability
vividness of mental imagery, questionnaire of mental imagery, test of visual imagery control
Morris & Gale had high and low imagers remember high image words and low image words. what were the findings
low imagers do not show any difference of memory for concrete versus abstract words because they can’t imagine the concrete words anyways. High imagers remember the concrete words better
Richardson & Start looked a mental practicing with playing catch with a ball (with high imagers and low imagers)
both groups did equally well at baseline and with physical practice, and when they did physical AND mental practice. High imagers only did better when mental practice was the only form of practice
Herdman and Ernest looked at mental practicing for simple and complex tasks (in high imagers and low imagers) what were the results for complex tasks
mental practicing did not help the low imagers or the high imagers
What are two types of representations of objects
abstract representations and analog representations
What does it mean to say we have abstract representations of objects
our mental mages do not need to be tied to visual input Images are not one to one representations of what we see
what does it mean to say that we have analog representations of objects
we can simulate change, we can rotate mental images. It is analogous because we can manipulate mental images how they would be in the real world
Are mental images first or second order isomorphisms
second order
In kosslyn’s first experiment on perceptual acuity of mental images what did he find about details of bigger versus smaller objects
it takes longer to respond about the details of the smaller object
In kosslyn’s second experiment on perceptual acuity of mental images what happened when he told participants to image a large box and a small box and then put opposite sized objects in them
It still took longer to respond about the details of the smaller object even though they were taking up more of our visual field.
What are the steps of comprehension
printed page, visual processing, word recognition, comprehension
How long are fixations on average
200-250 ms
How many words to saccades jump on average and how long do they last
7-9 letters and about 20-40 ms
What two assumptions need to be made when we are tracking eye movement
immediacy- reader attempts to interpret each (content) word as it is fixated. eye-mind- eye will remain fixated on a word as long as that word is being processed
What is Rayner’s Gaze content paradigm-
we need to foveate in order to process words. If we cover foveated letters so only the parafoveal can be seen reading rate drops from 300 wpm to 50 wpm
What are the findings of Carpenter and Just’s work on skipping words
when we skip words they are function words and we skip more often with east text.
What happens if we change words during saccades
reader doesn’t notice
What are three differences of fixation patterns of high and low skilled readers
lower skilled readers; fixate more, fixate longer, and backtrack more often
What are three methods used to examine word recognition
eye tracking, lexical decision tasks, and naming tasks
What is the marker effect in word recognition
word frequency
What are the two types of information each logged has
orthographic (combination of letter strings) and the phonography (sound)
How does morton’s logogen model explain frequency effects
assumes that there is a lower threshold for common words
In morton’s logogen system what part is used to account for the meaning of words
context system
What happens to related logogens when a logogen reaches its threshold
related items have a higher activation level
Why is there not a repetition effect when an auditory presentation is followed by a visual presentation
they are separate systems
Does a degraded presentation of stimulus effect response time in lexical decision tasks and naming tasks
yes there is a longer response time.
Where does stimulus quality have its influence
encoding
What tool is used to measure how sound is used in reading
EMG
In Edfelts research on EMG activity during silent reading for easy text versus hard text what did he find
EMG during easy text is much more mild than when the text is hard.
What did meyer and ruddy find about sound and visual priming for words
words that rhyme get primed but words that look similar do not prime eachother
What are pseudohomophones
non words that sound like real words
Research on pseudo homophones shows that we are faster to name pseudo homophones or non words
pseudohomophones
research on pseudo homophones shows that we are faster in lexical decision tasks for pseudo homophones or non words
non words
What are three reasons that speech codes are available during reading
keeps information active in working memory, derives meaning of individual words, meaning of sentences.
What are the two sections of the dual route model
the lexical route and the sub lexical route
What are the two components of the sublexical route in the dual route model
graphemes and phomenes
