Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Cognitive Science > Test 3 > Flashcards

Test 3 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the two types of knowledge

A

procedural & declarative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is procedural knowledge

A

knowledge we have acquired through learning about how to do things

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How is do we learn procedural knowledge

A

practice or repetition.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is declarative knowledge

A

knowledge based on facts and events

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the two types of declarative knowledges

A

episodic and semantic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is episodic knowledge

A

autobiographical knowledge based on events

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is semantic knowledge

A

factual knowledge of words and concepts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Which type of declarative knowledge has temporal tags (you know when about it happened or you experienced it)

A

episodic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Explain cohen & corkin’s work on the tower of hanoi and amnesiacs

A

had regular people and amnesiacs do the tower of hanoi task. Found that everyone could do it, and everyone could do it again after learning the procedure but the amnesiacs don’t remember doing the the task

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What important idea in cognitive science does the cohen and corkin’s work on the tower of hanoi and amnesiacs show

A

there is a dissociation between explicit (episodic memory) & implicit (procedural memory)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What happened when HM did the mirroring task

A

he got better and better at doing it but he never remembered doing it previously

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is semantic memory and what kind of knowledge group is it under

A

it is the permanent memory of general word knowledge. It is under declarative knowledge.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are two forms of proof that semantic memory is highly organized

A

loftus’ work on ca crashes, and word associations.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What occurred in Tulvings study of subjective organization

A

when participants recalled words from a list they said them in specific clusters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the three models of semantic memory

A

feature lists model, hierarchical network model, and spreading activation model

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Explain the decision process of deciding if something belongs to a semantic category according to the feature lists model

A

you compare all the features of both categories if there is high overlap or absolutely no overlap there will be a quick response. If there is some overlap there is an intermediate score and we go to the second stage. In the second stage we look at the defining features and then make a decision based on the overlap of defining features

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is a problem for the semantic feature comparison model

A

there are disconfirming sentences.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What does the hierarchical network model assume

A

there are different levels of categories and it takes a set amount of time to move up each level and the more levels you have to move up the longer the decision process will take.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the problem with the hierarchical network model

A

doesn’t explain why typical items have faster responses than non typical items

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is a good example of why the spreading activation model is correct

A

semantic priming

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Why was mental imagery barely studied until the 1950’s

A

behaviourism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Sheppard showed participants 200 pictures. After in the test phase he showed participants a picture and asked if it was one that they saw. What were the results

A

98% of the time participants were correct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Nickerson did the same kind of task as shepherd but did the picture test a day later and then a year later what were his results

A

92% and 63%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Which hemisphere is better and at processing words

A

the left hemisphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

which hemisphere is better at picture processing

A

the right hemisphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are some factors that effect how specialized a person’s hemispheres are

A

the person’s experience, gender, left handedness.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is Pavio’s dual coding theory

A

We have two ways to represent (code) information. One is verbal (left hemisphere processing) and one is non verbal (right hemisphere processing).

28
Q

What are three things that effect which type of code we will use

A

the nature of the information, the task, and individual differences in people

29
Q

When pavio did a cued recall task for high imaginability and low imaginability words what pairs were best remember to least remembered

A

2 high imagery, high imagery cue to low imagery recall, low imagery cue to high imagery recall, 2 low imagery

30
Q

Why is recall best when given two high imaginability pairs

A

we make compound images

31
Q

What are three methods used to look at subjective imagery ability

A

vividness of mental imagery, questionnaire of mental imagery, test of visual imagery control

32
Q

Morris & Gale had high and low imagers remember high image words and low image words. what were the findings

A

low imagers do not show any difference of memory for concrete versus abstract words because they can’t imagine the concrete words anyways. High imagers remember the concrete words better

33
Q

Richardson & Start looked a mental practicing with playing catch with a ball (with high imagers and low imagers)

A

both groups did equally well at baseline and with physical practice, and when they did physical AND mental practice. High imagers only did better when mental practice was the only form of practice

34
Q

Herdman and Ernest looked at mental practicing for simple and complex tasks (in high imagers and low imagers) what were the results for complex tasks

A

mental practicing did not help the low imagers or the high imagers

35
Q

What are two types of representations of objects

A

abstract representations and analog representations

36
Q

What does it mean to say we have abstract representations of objects

A

our mental mages do not need to be tied to visual input Images are not one to one representations of what we see

37
Q

what does it mean to say that we have analog representations of objects

A

we can simulate change, we can rotate mental images. It is analogous because we can manipulate mental images how they would be in the real world

38
Q

Are mental images first or second order isomorphisms

A

second order

39
Q

In kosslyn’s first experiment on perceptual acuity of mental images what did he find about details of bigger versus smaller objects

A

it takes longer to respond about the details of the smaller object

40
Q

In kosslyn’s second experiment on perceptual acuity of mental images what happened when he told participants to image a large box and a small box and then put opposite sized objects in them

A

It still took longer to respond about the details of the smaller object even though they were taking up more of our visual field.

41
Q

What are the steps of comprehension

A

printed page, visual processing, word recognition, comprehension

42
Q

How long are fixations on average

A

200-250 ms

43
Q

How many words to saccades jump on average and how long do they last

A

7-9 letters and about 20-40 ms

44
Q

What two assumptions need to be made when we are tracking eye movement

A

immediacy- reader attempts to interpret each (content) word as it is fixated. eye-mind- eye will remain fixated on a word as long as that word is being processed

45
Q

What is Rayner’s Gaze content paradigm-

A

we need to foveate in order to process words. If we cover foveated letters so only the parafoveal can be seen reading rate drops from 300 wpm to 50 wpm

46
Q

What are the findings of Carpenter and Just’s work on skipping words

A

when we skip words they are function words and we skip more often with east text.

47
Q

What happens if we change words during saccades

A

reader doesn’t notice

48
Q

What are three differences of fixation patterns of high and low skilled readers

A

lower skilled readers; fixate more, fixate longer, and backtrack more often

49
Q

What are three methods used to examine word recognition

A

eye tracking, lexical decision tasks, and naming tasks

50
Q

What is the marker effect in word recognition

A

word frequency

51
Q

What are the two types of information each logged has

A

orthographic (combination of letter strings) and the phonography (sound)

52
Q

How does morton’s logogen model explain frequency effects

A

assumes that there is a lower threshold for common words

53
Q

In morton’s logogen system what part is used to account for the meaning of words

A

context system

54
Q

What happens to related logogens when a logogen reaches its threshold

A

related items have a higher activation level

55
Q

Why is there not a repetition effect when an auditory presentation is followed by a visual presentation

A

they are separate systems

56
Q

Does a degraded presentation of stimulus effect response time in lexical decision tasks and naming tasks

A

yes there is a longer response time.

57
Q

Where does stimulus quality have its influence

A

encoding

58
Q

What tool is used to measure how sound is used in reading

A

EMG

59
Q

In Edfelts research on EMG activity during silent reading for easy text versus hard text what did he find

A

EMG during easy text is much more mild than when the text is hard.

60
Q

What did meyer and ruddy find about sound and visual priming for words

A

words that rhyme get primed but words that look similar do not prime eachother

61
Q

What are pseudohomophones

A

non words that sound like real words

62
Q

Research on pseudo homophones shows that we are faster to name pseudo homophones or non words

A

pseudohomophones

63
Q

research on pseudo homophones shows that we are faster in lexical decision tasks for pseudo homophones or non words

A

non words

64
Q

What are three reasons that speech codes are available during reading

A

keeps information active in working memory, derives meaning of individual words, meaning of sentences.

65
Q

What are the two sections of the dual route model

A

the lexical route and the sub lexical route

66
Q

What are the two components of the sublexical route in the dual route model

A

graphemes and phomenes

Cognitive Science (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions