Midterm Flashcards
Where does coding start
retina
What is plato’s theory of form
we don’t see the real world, just an image of the real world
Who founded the school of structuralism
Wundt
What is structuralism
the study of the structure of consciousness
What method was used by wundt to examine the structure of consciousness
introspection
What notable thing did titchener do
created one of the 1st North American Labs
What is stimulus error
describing the stimulus instead of the mental experience during introspection
What are the two problems of introspection
The bosses decided whether or not the introspection was valid, and you cannot introspect on many mental processes and structures.
Who is most closely associated with functionalism
James
According to James what is primary memory
Active or immediate memory
According to James what is secondary memory
Passive or long term memory
Who is most closely associated with associationism
Ebbinghaus
What experiment did Ebbinghaus use to do experiments without previous associations getting in the way
CVC
What did Hebb do
linked perception and learning with physiology (neuroscience)
What is connectionism
A cell assembly process that studies how neurons assemble into structures
What is the focus of communication theory
the limits of what you can send
What are the two assumptions of the cognitive approach
Determinism and finite causation
What does the cognitive assumption of determinism mean
the universe is lawful and orderly
What does the cognitive assumption of finite causation
there are a limited number of factors that will influence an outcome
What are the three type of memory stores
sensory, short, and long
What is long term potentiation
when two neurons fire simultaneously it becomes easier for them to connect again and again
What part of the brain does all sensory information pass through
thalamus
What brain structure connects the right and left hemispheres
the corpus collosum
What is the hippocampus involved with
forming new memories, and consolidating memories (especially emotional ones)
What does the dorsal pathway do in regards to vision
it processes where something is in space
What does the ventral pathway do in regards to vision
processes what a thing is
what are two neuroimaging techniques that show the brains structure
CT scans (xray) and MRI
What are three neuroimaging techniques that use electricity to look at brain function
EEG, Single cell recording, and transcranial magnetic stimulation
Where are rods and cones located
the back of the retina
Are rods or cones more associated with daylight vision and colours
cones
What are rods more closely associated with
night vision
After light or stimuli imposes on the retina/rods/cones what are the two next steps before it reaches the thalamus
rods and cones connect to bipolar cells, bipolar cells projects onto bundles of ganglion cells which form the optic nerve
Do we have more rods or cones
rods
What is the fovea associated with and what happens if there is damage to the fovea
the fovea is associated with detail. Damage to the fovea causes you to see a hole wherever you focus
How long do saccades last
25 ms- 175 ms
How long does visual short term memory last
200-500 ms
Describe spellings work on sensory memory capacity
did a study, showed one group a list of items and they were told to remember everything (people only got about 3 out of 9 correct). Another group saw a list of items but only had to remember the cued items (almost 100% accuracy)
What experiment did erike and collins do to understand the length of sensory memory
the VOH dot experiment
How long does it take to encode something into sensory memory
50 ms
What kind of features and characteristics do we code about items
primitive and non semantic features
In Averbach & Coriell’s work on circle and bar cues, what happened to the letter that had a circle cue after a 100 ms interval
it disappeared.
Are pattern masks or energy masks more effective
pattern masks
What is monocular masking
when you show a target and a mask to one eye
what is binocular masking
when you show the target and the mask to both eyes
what is dichoptic masking
when you show a target to one eye and a man to another eye
With what kind of masking do energy masks work
monocular and binocular masking
With what kind of masking do pattern masks work
all types of masking, binocular, monocular, and dichoptic
In regards to pattern recognition what is the template model
suggests that we have templates in our minds and these templates recognize objects as they enter into our sensory system
Why doesn’t the template model work for humans (2 reasons)
We would need an unlimited amount go templates to recognize everything that we see, second our world consists of irregular things that wouldn’t identically match our templates
What is the feature model of recognition
Suggests that complex objects are composed of simple features. We recognize the features that make up objects or patterns
Explain Neisser’s high speed scanning task to test the feature model of object recognition
Told people to look for a letter in a bunch of letters, looked at participants speed when the target letter was mixed in with letters of similar features, and looked at how fast people found the target when it was among letters that didn’t have similar features
Letvin looked at the retina of frogs and the activation of individual cells. What kind of specialized cells do we have
cells that detect edges, moving edges, dimming, convex edges (small circular dot, like fly)
According to Hubel and Wiesal what are four different kinds of cells
Simple cells, complex cells, hypercomplex cells, and WXY cells
What are characteristics of simple cells
they detect simple patterns of light, they are location specific, and would respond to edges, slits, and lines.
What are characteristics of complex cells
they are the same as simple cells but they are not location specific.
What are the characteristics of hypercomplex cells
they can detect moving lines.
What are the characteristics of WXY cells
they can detect the speed of things
What is another term for bottom up processing
data driven processing
Why do gestalt principles challenge the feature model
it shows that we can process things as a whole.
What were Avant and Lyndall’s findings on masking meaningful stimuli versus unmeaningful stimuli
to have an equally strong mask for a meaningful stimuli you need to shorten the interval between the stimuli and the mask
What term is utilized to describe the fact that people do better at identifying a target letter when it is in a word than when it is on its own
word superiority effect
What explains the word superiority effect
the parallel feedback loop
What is repetition blindness and does it support the idea of bottom up processing or top down processing
we tend not to see stimuli that we don’t expect to see (the the). This suggests top down processing.
What is RSVP
rapid serial visual presentation
What is RBC
Recognition by components
According to Biederman what are objects composed of
Geons
What are the 2 main problems with Biedermans recognition by components
It also assumes processing to be bottom up, the other problem is that we can perceive the whole object instead of its components (or goons)
What is agnosia
The inability to recognize objects
What is prosopagnosia
disruption of face recognition
What is apperceptive agnosia
disruption in perceiving whole patterns (can only process basic features)
Damage to what part o the brain is associated with apperceptive agnosia
the right parietal hemisphere
What is associative agnosia and damage to what part of the brain is associated with it?
Not being able to associate meaning to objects. damage in both sides in parietal hemispheres
What are the 3 steps in the process of object recognition
perception of features, integration of features into larger whole pattern, association of pattern to meaning.
What are two types of visual attentions
spaced-based and object-based
