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Cognitive Science > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

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1
Q

Where does coding start

A

retina

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2
Q

What is plato’s theory of form

A

we don’t see the real world, just an image of the real world

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3
Q

Who founded the school of structuralism

A

Wundt

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4
Q

What is structuralism

A

the study of the structure of consciousness

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5
Q

What method was used by wundt to examine the structure of consciousness

A

introspection

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6
Q

What notable thing did titchener do

A

created one of the 1st North American Labs

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7
Q

What is stimulus error

A

describing the stimulus instead of the mental experience during introspection

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8
Q

What are the two problems of introspection

A

The bosses decided whether or not the introspection was valid, and you cannot introspect on many mental processes and structures.

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9
Q

Who is most closely associated with functionalism

A

James

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10
Q

According to James what is primary memory

A

Active or immediate memory

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11
Q

According to James what is secondary memory

A

Passive or long term memory

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12
Q

Who is most closely associated with associationism

A

Ebbinghaus

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13
Q

What experiment did Ebbinghaus use to do experiments without previous associations getting in the way

A

CVC

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14
Q

What did Hebb do

A

linked perception and learning with physiology (neuroscience)

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15
Q

What is connectionism

A

A cell assembly process that studies how neurons assemble into structures

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16
Q

What is the focus of communication theory

A

the limits of what you can send

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17
Q

What are the two assumptions of the cognitive approach

A

Determinism and finite causation

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18
Q

What does the cognitive assumption of determinism mean

A

the universe is lawful and orderly

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19
Q

What does the cognitive assumption of finite causation

A

there are a limited number of factors that will influence an outcome

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20
Q

What are the three type of memory stores

A

sensory, short, and long

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21
Q

What is long term potentiation

A

when two neurons fire simultaneously it becomes easier for them to connect again and again

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22
Q

What part of the brain does all sensory information pass through

A

thalamus

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23
Q

What brain structure connects the right and left hemispheres

A

the corpus collosum

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24
Q

What is the hippocampus involved with

A

forming new memories, and consolidating memories (especially emotional ones)

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25
Q

What does the dorsal pathway do in regards to vision

A

it processes where something is in space

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26
Q

What does the ventral pathway do in regards to vision

A

processes what a thing is

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27
Q

what are two neuroimaging techniques that show the brains structure

A

CT scans (xray) and MRI

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28
Q

What are three neuroimaging techniques that use electricity to look at brain function

A

EEG, Single cell recording, and transcranial magnetic stimulation

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29
Q

Where are rods and cones located

A

the back of the retina

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30
Q

Are rods or cones more associated with daylight vision and colours

A

cones

31
Q

What are rods more closely associated with

A

night vision

32
Q

After light or stimuli imposes on the retina/rods/cones what are the two next steps before it reaches the thalamus

A

rods and cones connect to bipolar cells, bipolar cells projects onto bundles of ganglion cells which form the optic nerve

33
Q

Do we have more rods or cones

A

rods

34
Q

What is the fovea associated with and what happens if there is damage to the fovea

A

the fovea is associated with detail. Damage to the fovea causes you to see a hole wherever you focus

35
Q

How long do saccades last

A

25 ms- 175 ms

36
Q

How long does visual short term memory last

A

200-500 ms

37
Q

Describe spellings work on sensory memory capacity

A

did a study, showed one group a list of items and they were told to remember everything (people only got about 3 out of 9 correct). Another group saw a list of items but only had to remember the cued items (almost 100% accuracy)

38
Q

What experiment did erike and collins do to understand the length of sensory memory

A

the VOH dot experiment

39
Q

How long does it take to encode something into sensory memory

A

50 ms

40
Q

What kind of features and characteristics do we code about items

A

primitive and non semantic features

41
Q

In Averbach & Coriell’s work on circle and bar cues, what happened to the letter that had a circle cue after a 100 ms interval

A

it disappeared.

42
Q

Are pattern masks or energy masks more effective

A

pattern masks

43
Q

What is monocular masking

A

when you show a target and a mask to one eye

44
Q

what is binocular masking

A

when you show the target and the mask to both eyes

45
Q

what is dichoptic masking

A

when you show a target to one eye and a man to another eye

46
Q

With what kind of masking do energy masks work

A

monocular and binocular masking

47
Q

With what kind of masking do pattern masks work

A

all types of masking, binocular, monocular, and dichoptic

48
Q

In regards to pattern recognition what is the template model

A

suggests that we have templates in our minds and these templates recognize objects as they enter into our sensory system

49
Q

Why doesn’t the template model work for humans (2 reasons)

A

We would need an unlimited amount go templates to recognize everything that we see, second our world consists of irregular things that wouldn’t identically match our templates

50
Q

What is the feature model of recognition

A

Suggests that complex objects are composed of simple features. We recognize the features that make up objects or patterns

51
Q

Explain Neisser’s high speed scanning task to test the feature model of object recognition

A

Told people to look for a letter in a bunch of letters, looked at participants speed when the target letter was mixed in with letters of similar features, and looked at how fast people found the target when it was among letters that didn’t have similar features

52
Q

Letvin looked at the retina of frogs and the activation of individual cells. What kind of specialized cells do we have

A

cells that detect edges, moving edges, dimming, convex edges (small circular dot, like fly)

53
Q

According to Hubel and Wiesal what are four different kinds of cells

A

Simple cells, complex cells, hypercomplex cells, and WXY cells

54
Q

What are characteristics of simple cells

A

they detect simple patterns of light, they are location specific, and would respond to edges, slits, and lines.

55
Q

What are characteristics of complex cells

A

they are the same as simple cells but they are not location specific.

56
Q

What are the characteristics of hypercomplex cells

A

they can detect moving lines.

57
Q

What are the characteristics of WXY cells

A

they can detect the speed of things

58
Q

What is another term for bottom up processing

A

data driven processing

59
Q

Why do gestalt principles challenge the feature model

A

it shows that we can process things as a whole.

60
Q

What were Avant and Lyndall’s findings on masking meaningful stimuli versus unmeaningful stimuli

A

to have an equally strong mask for a meaningful stimuli you need to shorten the interval between the stimuli and the mask

61
Q

What term is utilized to describe the fact that people do better at identifying a target letter when it is in a word than when it is on its own

A

word superiority effect

62
Q

What explains the word superiority effect

A

the parallel feedback loop

63
Q

What is repetition blindness and does it support the idea of bottom up processing or top down processing

A

we tend not to see stimuli that we don’t expect to see (the the). This suggests top down processing.

64
Q

What is RSVP

A

rapid serial visual presentation

65
Q

What is RBC

A

Recognition by components

66
Q

According to Biederman what are objects composed of

A

Geons

67
Q

What are the 2 main problems with Biedermans recognition by components

A

It also assumes processing to be bottom up, the other problem is that we can perceive the whole object instead of its components (or goons)

68
Q

What is agnosia

A

The inability to recognize objects

69
Q

What is prosopagnosia

A

disruption of face recognition

70
Q

What is apperceptive agnosia

A

disruption in perceiving whole patterns (can only process basic features)

71
Q

Damage to what part o the brain is associated with apperceptive agnosia

A

the right parietal hemisphere

72
Q

What is associative agnosia and damage to what part of the brain is associated with it?

A

Not being able to associate meaning to objects. damage in both sides in parietal hemispheres

73
Q

What are the 3 steps in the process of object recognition

A

perception of features, integration of features into larger whole pattern, association of pattern to meaning.

74
Q

What are two types of visual attentions

A

spaced-based and object-based

Cognitive Science (4 decks)

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