Test 3 Flashcards
Split brain experiments
“Split brain” occurs when the connection from the left and right hemisphere (the Corpus Callosum) is cut and the two hemispheres are unable to communicate.
Commissurotomy
Procedure of severing corpus callosum in split brain patients
Results of split brain
EX: If the word “spoon” was on the left side of a patient’s visual field, and the word “apple” was on the right side of their visual field, they would be able to say “apple”, but not “spoon” because the language processing center of their brain is on the left, and what they see with their right eye goes to your left side of the brain
arcuate fasciculus
The connection between Broca’s area and Wernicke’s area
Broca’s aphasia
Speech: nonfluent Comprehension: intact Repetition: impaired Naming: poor R and W: impaired Paraphasia: rare Aware of disorder damage to left inferior, posterior frontal
Wernicke’s aphasia
Speech: fluent (talk fast and don’t make sense) Comprehension: impaired Repetition: impaired Naming: poor R and W: impaired unaware of disorder Paraphasia: common/ mixed damage to left posterior/superior temporal
Paraphasia
Production of unintended syllables, words, or phrases during effort to speak (table to cup)
Phonemic paraphasia
syllables are produced in wrong order or words are distorted with unintended sounds (pipe to pike)
anosagnosia
unaware of ones deficit
neologisms
Make up words, could be words that dont exist
Conduction aphasia
Speech: fluent (umm, whats it called) Comprehension: intact Repetition: impaired Naming: poor R and W: good/ impaired Paraphasia: common-literal damage to acruate fasciculus (connection), and left parietal region
Semantic paraphasia
when an unintended word is inadvertently used in place of another (ex: patient says “my mother” instead of “my wife”)
ventral processing stream
“What is it?” recognition
V1 (Striate/Primary Visual Cortex), V4, inferior temporal cortex
dorsal processing stream
“Where is it?” location
V5 (MT)- motion , Parietal cortex
where are faces processed?
fusiform gyrus
What is prosopagnosia?
cant recognize faces or read facial expression.
Is there some evidence that patients with prosopagnosia recognize faces on an unconscious level?
There is some evidence that on an unconscious level they can recognize people. When hooked up to a heart rate monitor you can see an increase in heart rate when they see someone they know as well as an increase in breathing
scotoma
blindspot in visual field, typically seen in patients who have had a stroke
Hemianopia
condition where one whole side of the visual field is blinded, an entire side of the visual field is blinded because there is bilateral damage (damage above and below the calcarine fissure)
calcarine fissure
seperates upper and lower occipital hemisphere
Quadrantanopia
low vision or blindness in one quarter of the visual field (type of hemianopia; damage occurs in the optic tract to visual cortex
What is the role of V4 in vision?
color vision
Achromatopsia
Damage to V4
loss of color vision, usually after a stroke
some colors dull, some turn black and white
astereoagnosia
AKA tactile agnosia.
It is having difficulty identifying an object through the sense of touch.
EX: say a water bottle is on a desk, when you pick up the bottle with your hand, you cant identify it as a water bottle. But when you are not touching it and just looking at it you can identify it as a water bottle.
What is visual agnosia?
the inability to recognize visual objects, once you touch it you know
Who was the first person to use the term “agnosia” to describe the neuropsychological disorder
Freud
Apperceptive agnosia
cannot perceive the object in front of them at all
so they cant copy it,
but they can draw it from memory
cannot recognize objects at irregular angles
damage to posterior occipital lobe
Associative agnosia
cannot associate the object with their past memories of it so they cant draw from memory,
but they can copy whats in front of them
damage to anterior occipital lobe
category-specific visual agnosia
Patients can identify living objects, but not non-living objects and vice versa
Neglect
condition where one fails to notice items on one side of space
Which side of the brain is usually damaged in neglect cases?
Right parietal lobe is damaged in neglect cases
What kind of impairment do you see in patients with neglect?
Neglect patients only attend to items on their right side of space. For example, if they were given a plate of fries, they would only eat the fries on the right side, not knowing there are fries on the left side as well, However, once you bring to their attention the left side, they now see that there are fries on that side.
How is neglect different from a hemianopia?
Neglect is different from hemianopia because neglect is an attention problem and hemianopia is a visual problem
**Neglect is in relation to bodys midline, hemianopia is in relation to the heads midline
standardized neuropsychological tests often used to assess construction abilities in patients with right hemisphere damage
The Rey- Osterrieth: this is the one that looks like a spaceship. If the person draws small details first then they are impaired
The Block Test: have to organize the blocks to match a picture. Right hemisphere damage means that they will make global spatial error and the blocks wont even be in a square. Left hemisphere damage means that all the blocks will make the square on the global scale, however some of the finer detail like direction of the block, will show error
spatial-based neglect
patients neglect left side of the world
EX: baseball ballroom
Freehand suitcase
Only see ballroom and suitcase
object-based neglect
patient focuses attention on an object but neglects left side of each object
EX: baseball ballroom
Freehand suitcase
Only see ball, room, hand, case
15- What three symptoms do you see in patients with Balint’s syndrome?
Optic ataxia- identifying where things are and trying to move them, often called miss and reach
Ocular apraxia- inability to voluntarily shift ones eyes from one thing to another
Simultagnosia- they only see one thing in the world at a time, like a still frame
Somatophrenia
the denial or loathing of ones own body part
Supernumery
limbs or digits: feels like they have an extra limb
What is blindsight and how are patients with cortical blindness able to show blindsight?
Cortical blindness occurs when a person has bilateral damage to V1 and the person is functionally blind but damage is bypassed by superior colliculus. However, the people demonstrate a phenomenon called blindsight, where the person is able to “sense” an object in motion but cannot “see” it
Microsomatotagnosia
ones own body part seems much smaller, commonly seen in patients with schizophrenia and some migraine patients too
Macrosomatotagnosia
ones own body part seems much bigger, commonly seen in patients with epilepsy when they are about to have a siezure
What is the role of V5 (MT) in vision
motion vision, helps us to see things move in a smooth manner.
akinetopsia
Damage to V5
instead of seeing things in a smooth manner, you see it in a jerky motion
Damage to which region of the brain would most likely impair performance on the clock drawing test?
right parietal lobe
how long does each REM period last?
20 minutes
How long is a person typically asleep before the first period of REM sleep?
90 minutes
Which stage of sleep comes immediately before the first period of REM sleep each night?
Stage before first REM- emergent stage 1
awake waves
alpha and beta
stage 1 waves
dozing off, theta
stage 2 waves
sleep spindle, k complex
stage 3 waves
some delta activity
stage 4 waves
deep sleep, delta waves
REM waves
theta and beta, looks like awake
what is stage 1 initial
first time you go to stage 1 in the night
Is it worse to lose REM or deep sleep?
REM
What are some causes of insomnia?
insomnia is most often a result of multiple extraneous variables, 20% of individuals
Review the role of norepinephrine and the locus coeruleus in the hypothetical sleep-wake model.
Locus coeruleus releases norepinephrine, which keeps you awake
What does ACH do?
makes you paralyzed
what is narcolepsy
people go right into REM sleep out of no where,
asleep for 2-30 min,
will wake up and pick up where they left off
hypocretin - neuron released in the hypothalamus causes narcolepsy
what is cataplexy
can happen outside of narcolepsy but most common with people who have it.
Go into muscle atonia but do not go to sleep,
seconds to a minute.
Triggered by high emotional states
What are some potential functions of dreaming?
Consolidation (important info),
forgetting (unnecessary info),
restore chemical balance.
We filter out unnecessary info.
somnambulism stage
sleep walking, occurs outside of REM, earlier stages
sleep talking stage
non REM, non dream sleep
REM sleep behavioral disorder
can get out of bed when in REM (not paralyzed)
hypersomnia
sleep alot, depression, normally related to something else
sleep apnea
miss breaths when you sleep
sleep paralysis
wake up and paralyzed
hypnogogic hallucinations
like dreaming when youre falling asleep
nocturnal enureisis
kids who wet the bed because of lack of muscle control
night terror stage **
normally in kids, not during REM, not dreaming, feeling emotions, stages 3 and 4, 50% of kids
klienleven syndrome
“sleeping beauty syndrome”
usually teenagers
sleep for days or weeks at a time
Which of the following sleep disorders is most likely to result from dysfunction in the pons?
REM sleep behavior disorder
