Test 1 Flashcards

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1
Q
  1. Review the meaning of dorsal, ventral, rostral (anterior), caudal (posterior), medial, and lateral.
A
dorsal- top
ventral- bottom 
rostral (anterior)- front
caudal (posterior)- back 
medial- toward middle
lateral- toward outside
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2
Q
  1. Be able to recognize a coronal, sagital, and horizontal view of the brain.
A

coronal-
sagital-
horizontal-

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3
Q
  1. What two structures are included in the central nervous system (CNS)? What are the divisions of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and what are their functions?
A

cns- brain and spinal cord

pns- autonomic and somatic (parasympathetic, sympathetic)

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4
Q
  1. What is the function of the occipital lobe and what might you see if there is damage (i.e. disorders)?
A

function- vision
damage- achromotopsia- loss or decrease of color vision
Akinetopsia- loss of seeing things in motion
Agnosia- cant recognize object by looking at it

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5
Q
  1. What are the major functions of the hippocampus and the amygdala?
A

hippocampus- learning and memory

amygdala- emotion and fear

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6
Q
  1. Which area is for speech production and which is for speech comprehension? In which lobes are these areas located?
A

speech production- brocas in frontal

speech comprehension- wernicks in temporal

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7
Q
  1. What is neglect and what area of the brain is damaged to cause this disorder?
A

neglect- damage to right parietal cortex

you dont think of the left side of things

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8
Q
  1. Which structures are found in the frontal lobe and what are their basic functions?
A

precentral gyrus- motor movement
orbitalfrontal cortex- regulating behavior and emotion
dorsolateral cortex- executive functioning

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9
Q
  1. What is the function of the basal ganglia?
A

voluntary motor movement (not enough dopamine leads to parkinsons)

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10
Q
  1. Which area controls heart rate and respiration?
A

hindbrain (medulla and pons)

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11
Q
  1. Where is the reticular formation and what is its function?
A

releases norepinephrine into cortex to stimulate

location: midbrain

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12
Q
  1. What are the functions of the cerebellum and the pons?
A

cerebellum- balance and coordination

pons- respiratory

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13
Q
  1. What structure in the diencephalon is a relay station for sensory and motor information and what structure controls eating, drinking, fight/flight, and sexual behavior?
A

relay station for sensory and motor information- thalamus

controls eating, drinking, fight/flight, and sexual behavior- hypothalamus

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14
Q
  1. What is CSF, where is it produced, and what is its function?
A

cerebral spinal fluid, absorbs shock to protect brain, in lateral ventricles by choriod plexus

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15
Q
  1. What are the layers of the meninges?
A

pia mater, arachnoid membrane, dura mater

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16
Q
  1. Review the how blood enters the brain. What is the Circle of Willis?
A

Blood is supplied to the entire brain by 2 pairs of arteries: the internal carotid arteries and vertebral arteries. The right and left vertebral arteries come together at the base of the brain to form a single basilar artery. The basilar artery joins the blood supply of the internal carotid arteries in a ring at the base of the brain. This ring of arteries is called the Circle of Willis.

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17
Q
  1. What are the general functions of astrocytes, ependymal cells, oligodendrocytes, and Schwann cells?
A

astrocytes- nutritive and support, hold things together
epedendymal- secrete csf
oligodendrocytes- provide myelin to neuron
Schwann cells- provide myelin to neuron

18
Q
  1. Review the neurotransmitters discussed in class and which basic classes of drugs affect these neurotransmitters (e.g. antidepressants or antiepileptic). Hint: in class we only talked about a few drugs in particular so focus on these (there is only one question, so don’t stress too much).
A

glutamate- excitatory (alzheimers/ parkinsons)
GABA- inhibitory (siezures/ anxiety)
Serotonin- anxiety/ depression

19
Q

CT Scan

A

basic use: structural brain imaging technique using x-ray, takes pictures at different angles and summarizes in one picture.
Aid: shows abnormalities
Invasive: no
Limitations: can give kids brain tumors

20
Q

MRI

A

basic use: structural brain image using magnetic field and radiowaves, takes pictures of brain tissue
Aid: shows abnormalities
Invasive: no
Limitations: metal and claustrophobia

21
Q

EEG

A

basic use: records electrical activity from neurons through electrodes based on tehh scalp (measure beta alpha etc)
Aid: see seizure activity
Invasive: no
Limitation: poor spatial resolution

22
Q

PET scan

A

basic use: human is injected with radioactive 2-DG, which is taken up by brain cells and highlighted when active
Aid: lack or abnormal activity
Invasive: yes
Limitations: idk

23
Q

fMRI

A

basic use: measures activity, detects level of oxygen and brain blood vessels, higher resolution than PET
Aid: similar to PET
Invasive: no
Limitations: metal and claustrophobia

24
Q

Structural

A

Cerebral Angiography, Magnetic Resonance Angiography, CT, and MRI

25
Q

Functional

A

EEG, PET, fMRI, and DTI, Contrast MR, Arterial Spin Labeling, Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopic Imaging

26
Q
  1. Review which neuroimaging techniques have good spatial resolution and which have good temporal resolution.
A

good spatial resolution- fMRI

good temporal resolution- EEG

27
Q

Tests of intelligence (IQ)

A

WAIS and WRAT

28
Q

Mood assessments

A

Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) III
Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI)
Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS)
MMPI

29
Q

Tests of orientation

A

Mini Mental State Exam (MMSE)

30
Q

Global cognitive function

A

Mattis Dementia Rating Scale (DRS)

31
Q

Attention tests

A

Digit Span Subtest (WAIS)
Visual search and cancellation
Trail making test—part A

32
Q

Memory tests

A

Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS_!!)

California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT_II)

33
Q

Language tests

A

Boston Naming Test (BNT)

Verbal Fluency

34
Q

Perception and construction tests

A

Rey-Osterrieth Figure
Clock Drawing Test
Benton Line Orientation Test
Block design

35
Q

cognitive processing speed

A

Symbol digit modalities test

36
Q

Executive function tests

A
Stroop Interference test
Digit Symbol
Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST)
Trails Part B
Tower of London
D-KEFS
37
Q

Motor performance tests

A

Tapping
Grooved pegboard
Grip Strength

38
Q
  1. Why is a battery of tests given during a neuropsychological examination and why is the interview an important part of testing?
A

Interview is important because you listen to the person and at the same time your attentive for any noticeable deficits ( e.g speech, memory, perception ) and you learn their history
You cant rely only on one test
10% of people show impairment

39
Q
  1. What is malingering and how can it be detected?
A

trying to perform poorly on a test,
It can be detected with the test of memory malingering which is a common test to asses malingering and consist of visual recognition

40
Q

Review the different measures of reliability and validity discussed in class.

A

Reliability- test retest reliability and internal consistency (how well do items measure same construct)
Validity- construct validity (does test measure construct its supposed to), convergent, and divergent

41
Q
  1. Review T scores and z scores. What is an average score for T scores and z scores? What is one standard deviation for T scores and z scores?
A

Average T score- 50
Average z score- 0
One SD for T scores- 10
One SD for z scores- 1