Test 1 Flashcards
- Review the meaning of dorsal, ventral, rostral (anterior), caudal (posterior), medial, and lateral.
dorsal- top ventral- bottom rostral (anterior)- front caudal (posterior)- back medial- toward middle lateral- toward outside
- Be able to recognize a coronal, sagital, and horizontal view of the brain.
coronal-
sagital-
horizontal-
- What two structures are included in the central nervous system (CNS)? What are the divisions of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and what are their functions?
cns- brain and spinal cord
pns- autonomic and somatic (parasympathetic, sympathetic)
- What is the function of the occipital lobe and what might you see if there is damage (i.e. disorders)?
function- vision
damage- achromotopsia- loss or decrease of color vision
Akinetopsia- loss of seeing things in motion
Agnosia- cant recognize object by looking at it
- What are the major functions of the hippocampus and the amygdala?
hippocampus- learning and memory
amygdala- emotion and fear
- Which area is for speech production and which is for speech comprehension? In which lobes are these areas located?
speech production- brocas in frontal
speech comprehension- wernicks in temporal
- What is neglect and what area of the brain is damaged to cause this disorder?
neglect- damage to right parietal cortex
you dont think of the left side of things
- Which structures are found in the frontal lobe and what are their basic functions?
precentral gyrus- motor movement
orbitalfrontal cortex- regulating behavior and emotion
dorsolateral cortex- executive functioning
- What is the function of the basal ganglia?
voluntary motor movement (not enough dopamine leads to parkinsons)
- Which area controls heart rate and respiration?
hindbrain (medulla and pons)
- Where is the reticular formation and what is its function?
releases norepinephrine into cortex to stimulate
location: midbrain
- What are the functions of the cerebellum and the pons?
cerebellum- balance and coordination
pons- respiratory
- What structure in the diencephalon is a relay station for sensory and motor information and what structure controls eating, drinking, fight/flight, and sexual behavior?
relay station for sensory and motor information- thalamus
controls eating, drinking, fight/flight, and sexual behavior- hypothalamus
- What is CSF, where is it produced, and what is its function?
cerebral spinal fluid, absorbs shock to protect brain, in lateral ventricles by choriod plexus
- What are the layers of the meninges?
pia mater, arachnoid membrane, dura mater
- Review the how blood enters the brain. What is the Circle of Willis?
Blood is supplied to the entire brain by 2 pairs of arteries: the internal carotid arteries and vertebral arteries. The right and left vertebral arteries come together at the base of the brain to form a single basilar artery. The basilar artery joins the blood supply of the internal carotid arteries in a ring at the base of the brain. This ring of arteries is called the Circle of Willis.
- What are the general functions of astrocytes, ependymal cells, oligodendrocytes, and Schwann cells?
astrocytes- nutritive and support, hold things together
epedendymal- secrete csf
oligodendrocytes- provide myelin to neuron
Schwann cells- provide myelin to neuron
- Review the neurotransmitters discussed in class and which basic classes of drugs affect these neurotransmitters (e.g. antidepressants or antiepileptic). Hint: in class we only talked about a few drugs in particular so focus on these (there is only one question, so don’t stress too much).
glutamate- excitatory (alzheimers/ parkinsons)
GABA- inhibitory (siezures/ anxiety)
Serotonin- anxiety/ depression
CT Scan
basic use: structural brain imaging technique using x-ray, takes pictures at different angles and summarizes in one picture.
Aid: shows abnormalities
Invasive: no
Limitations: can give kids brain tumors
MRI
basic use: structural brain image using magnetic field and radiowaves, takes pictures of brain tissue
Aid: shows abnormalities
Invasive: no
Limitations: metal and claustrophobia
EEG
basic use: records electrical activity from neurons through electrodes based on tehh scalp (measure beta alpha etc)
Aid: see seizure activity
Invasive: no
Limitation: poor spatial resolution
PET scan
basic use: human is injected with radioactive 2-DG, which is taken up by brain cells and highlighted when active
Aid: lack or abnormal activity
Invasive: yes
Limitations: idk
fMRI
basic use: measures activity, detects level of oxygen and brain blood vessels, higher resolution than PET
Aid: similar to PET
Invasive: no
Limitations: metal and claustrophobia
Structural
Cerebral Angiography, Magnetic Resonance Angiography, CT, and MRI
Functional
EEG, PET, fMRI, and DTI, Contrast MR, Arterial Spin Labeling, Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopic Imaging
- Review which neuroimaging techniques have good spatial resolution and which have good temporal resolution.
good spatial resolution- fMRI
good temporal resolution- EEG
Tests of intelligence (IQ)
WAIS and WRAT
Mood assessments
Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) III
Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI)
Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS)
MMPI
Tests of orientation
Mini Mental State Exam (MMSE)
Global cognitive function
Mattis Dementia Rating Scale (DRS)
Attention tests
Digit Span Subtest (WAIS)
Visual search and cancellation
Trail making test—part A
Memory tests
Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS_!!)
California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT_II)
Language tests
Boston Naming Test (BNT)
Verbal Fluency
Perception and construction tests
Rey-Osterrieth Figure
Clock Drawing Test
Benton Line Orientation Test
Block design
cognitive processing speed
Symbol digit modalities test
Executive function tests
Stroop Interference test Digit Symbol Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) Trails Part B Tower of London D-KEFS
Motor performance tests
Tapping
Grooved pegboard
Grip Strength
- Why is a battery of tests given during a neuropsychological examination and why is the interview an important part of testing?
Interview is important because you listen to the person and at the same time your attentive for any noticeable deficits ( e.g speech, memory, perception ) and you learn their history
You cant rely only on one test
10% of people show impairment
- What is malingering and how can it be detected?
trying to perform poorly on a test,
It can be detected with the test of memory malingering which is a common test to asses malingering and consist of visual recognition
Review the different measures of reliability and validity discussed in class.
Reliability- test retest reliability and internal consistency (how well do items measure same construct)
Validity- construct validity (does test measure construct its supposed to), convergent, and divergent
- Review T scores and z scores. What is an average score for T scores and z scores? What is one standard deviation for T scores and z scores?
Average T score- 50
Average z score- 0
One SD for T scores- 10
One SD for z scores- 1
