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Pharm I > test 3 > Flashcards

test 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Two anatomical divisions of the nervous system

A
  • Peripheral nervous system
    * Nerve fibers that carry information between periphery and CNS
  • Central nervous system
    * Brain
    * Spinal cord
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2
Q

The Central Nervous System: brain

A
  • Processes input and output

* Analogous to a computer CPU

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3
Q

The Central Nervous System: spinal cord

A

• Conduit for signals between the body and the brain

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4
Q

The Peripheral Nervous System: Efferent Division

A
  • Carries signals away from the CNS to peripheral tissues

* “E” = Exits

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5
Q

The Peripheral Nervous System: Afferent Division

A
  • Carries sensory information from the periphery to the CNS

* “A” = Arrives

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6
Q

The Afferent Division of PNS

A
  • Provides sensory input to modulate the function of the efferent division
    * Reflex arcs
    * Neural pathways that mediate a reflex action
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7
Q

The Efferent Division of PNS: Autonomic nervous system

A
  • Unconscious regulation of everyday bodily functions
  • Visceral
  • Vegetative
  • Involuntary
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8
Q

The Efferent Division of PNS: Somatic nervous system

A

• Conscious control of skeletal muscles

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9
Q

The Somatic Nervous System

A
  • The voluntary branch of efferent nervous system
  • Consists of sensory and motor neurons
  • Sensory Neurons
    * Transmit messages to CNS
  • Motor neurons
    * Supply the skeletal muscles
    * Cell bodies located in spinal cord
    * Axon is continuous from spinal cord all the way to the skeletal muscle
    * Terminates at neuromuscular junction
    * Can only stimulate, not inhibit
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10
Q

The Neuromuscular Junction

A

• Motor neuron axon terminals release acetylcholine from vessicles due to the influx of Ca++ which causes the vessicles to fuse with the membrane wall releasing ACh into the synaptic cleft
-ACh that binds to receptors allowing ions (Na) to come in depolarizing the muscle
• Acetylcholine (ACh) brings about excitation and contraction of skeletal muscle
• Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) terminates acetylcholine activity at the neuromuscular junction

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11
Q

The Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

A
  • Coordinates regulation and integration of bodily function with the endocrine system
  • Rapid transmission of electrical impulses along nerve fibers to effector cells
  • Effector cells secrete neuromodulator substances
  • Endocrine system funcitons via hormonal signals
  • ANS functions via electrical impulses and neurotransmitters
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12
Q

ANS Divisions

A
  • Enteric ->“Brain of the Gut”
  • Parasympathetic (PNS) -> “Rest & Digest”
  • Sympathetic (SNS) -> “Fight or Flight”
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13
Q

Somatic nervous system

A
  • myelinated neurons

- ACh affecting skeletal muscle contrations

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14
Q

Autonomic nervous system affects 3 specific areas of the body

A
  • either ACh or NE
  • smooth muscle - contractions or relaxation
  • cardiac muscle - increases or decreased rate and force of contraction
  • glands - increase or decreased secretions
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15
Q

ANS Motor Neuron Pathway

A
  • Efferent division carries nerve impulses which EXIT the CNS
  • Two types of neurons connecting at the ganglia
    * Preganglionic
    * Postganglionic
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16
Q

Preganglionic Neurons

A
  • Cell body located within the CNS

* Emerge from brainstem or spinal cord and make a synaptic connection in ganglia

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17
Q

Postganglionic Neurons

A
  • Cell body originates in the ganglion

* Terminates on the effector organs

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18
Q

Efferent Neurons of the ANS

A
  • Parasympathetic and Sympathetic neurotransmitter substances
    * Both preganglionic sites: ACh
    * Parasympathetic postganglionic site: ACh
    * MOST sympathetic postganglionic sites: Norepinephrine (NE)
  • Parasympathetic neurons arise from cranial nerves and sacral region (cranial-sacral division)
  • Sympathetic neurons come from thoracic and lumbar regions (thoraco-lumbar region)
19
Q

Parasympathetic pre and post ganglionic length

A
  • Pre: very long

- Post: very short

20
Q

sympathetic pre and post ganglionic length

A
  • Pre: very short

- Post: long

21
Q

The Enteric Nervous System

A
  • Collection of nerve fibers that innervate
    * GI tract
    * Pancreas
    * Gallbladder
  • Functions independently of CNS
  • 2 components
    * Myenteric plexus (Plexus of Auerbach)
    * Submucosal plexus (Plexus of Meissner)
22
Q

The Sympathetic Nervous System

A
  • Continually active
    * Vascular tone
  • Adjusts in response to stressful situations
    * Trauma
    * Fear
    * Hypoglycemia
    * Cold
    * Exercise
  • Direct sympathetic activation of effector organs
  • Stimulation of adrenal medulla to release epinephrine and norepinephrine
  • Response is diffuse (everything becomes activated at the same time)
23
Q

The Sympathetic Nervous System Effect of stimulation

A
  • Increase heart rate
  • Increase blood pressure (almost exclusively controled by SNS)
  • Mobilize energy stores
  • Increase blood flow to skeletal muscles
  • Increase blood flow to the heart
  • Dilation of pupils
  • Dilation of bronchioles
24
Q

The Parasympathetic Nervous System

A
  • Maintains homeostasis
  • Decreases
    * decrease Heart rate
    * decrease Diameter of airways (bronchoconstriction)
    * Diameter of pupils (constriction)
  • Conserves and restores energy during times of rest
    * S alivation
    * L acrimation
    * U rination
    * D igestion
    * D efecation
  • Discrete response (don’t get all of the actions at once because of the minimal branching)
25
Q

ONLY sympathetic stimulation to these organs

A 
• Sweat glands
• Adrenal medulla
• Kidney
• Pilomotor muscles
-Blood Pressure is Controlled Almost Exclusively by the Sympathetic Nervous System
26
Q

Can Strong emotions can modify the activity of the ANS

A

-yes
• Rage
• Fear
• Pleasure

27
Q

Chemical Signaling Between Cells: Hormones

A
  • Specialized endocrine cells secrete hormones into bloodstream
  • Exert effects on broadly distributed target cells
28
Q

Chemical Signaling Between Cells: Local mediators

A 
• Secreted by most cells in the body
• Act locally
-act on cell itself or nearby cells
• Destroyed quickly
• Do not enter bloodstream
29
Q

Chemical Signaling Between Cells: Neurotransmitters

A
  • Released by nerve cells
  • Between nerve cells
  • Between nerves and effector organs
30
Q

Hormones, Local Mediators and Neurotransmitters all Bind to Specific Receptors on Target Cells because

A
  • Too hydrophilic to penetrate the membrane

* Signal mediated through receptor binding

31
Q

Another name for the parasympathetic nervous system

A
  • cholinergic nervous system

- uses ACh

32
Q

Another name for the sympathetic nervous system

A
  • adrenergic nervous system

- uses epi and NE

33
Q

Types of Neurotransmitters

A
  • Although often referred to as the cholinergic nervous system and the adrenergic nervous system, there are A LOT of other neurotransmitters involved
    * For example: dopamine, serotonin, histamine, glutamate
  • Acetylcholine and norepinephrine are primary neurotransmitters in the ANS
34
Q

Acetylcholine (ACh)

A
  • If transmission is mediated by ACh, the neuron is labeled cholinergic
  • Mediates transmission
    * Sympathetic ganglia
    * Parasympathetic ganglia
    * Adrenal medulla
    * Parasympathetic postganglionic nerves to effector organs
    * Few sympathetic system organs (sweat glands) (during fight or flight to cool our body temperature down)
    * Neuromuscular junction (somatic system)
35
Q

types of cholinergic receptors

A
  • Nicotinic

* Muscarinic

36
Q

Norepinephrine & Epinephrine

A

• If transmission is mediated by norepinephrine or epinephrine, the neuron is labeled adrenergic

37
Q

Adrenergic Receptors

A
  • α-adrenergic
    * α1
    * α2
  • β-adrenergic
    * β1
    * β2
38
Q

Autonomic function is integrated into the central nervous system

A

• At midbrain and medulla there is integration of:
• Endocrine system
• ANS
• Sensory input
• Higher CNS centers including cerebral cortex
• Important cooperative interactions between parasympathetic and sympathetic systems
-combining all of the information from all of the systems to produce the appropriate response

39
Q

The primary controlled variable in cardiovascular function is

A
  • mean arterial pressure
    • Anything that changes MAP can and will have a powerful secondary (reflex response)
    • For example: Autonomic drugs!!
    -NE drug given which should increase HR
    -the HR actually decreases because of the baroreceptors fire as BP increases causing a negative feedback resulting in decreased sympathetic outflow to the heart
    -powerful increase in parasympathetic output to the heart (Vagus nerve at cardiac pacemaker)
    -SO NET EFFECT OF NE
    =increase in SVR
    increase in MAP
    decrease in HR
    but only when reflexes are intact
40
Q

Presynaptic Regulation (so we don’t have over-activation

A
  • Presynaptic feedback inhibitory control mechanisms have been shown to exist at most nerve endings
  • Autoreceptor
  • Heteroreceptor
41
Q

Autoreceptor

A
  • Neuron has receptors on it that will respond to the chemical that it is releasing (example: norepinephrine)
  • Usually inhibitory
42
Q

Heteroreceptor

A

• Neuron responds to chemicals released from other neurons nearby that synapse with the nerve ending

43
Q

Postsynaptic Regulation

A
  1. Up-regulation or down-regulation of receptors based on the history at the receptors (decensitization)
  2. Modulation by events evoked by the same or other transmitters acting on different postsynaptic receptors (an additive affect from an excitatory and inhibitory transmitters resulting in not too much excitement)

Pharm I (15 decks)

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