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Pharm I > test 1 > Flashcards

test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Chemical name

A

– chemical structure of drug

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2
Q

Generic name

A

– nonproprietary name

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3
Q

Trade/Brand name

A

– name owned and marketed by a pharmaceutical company

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4
Q

Contraindications

A

Contains warnings as to particular patients or situations in which the drug should not be used

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5
Q

Drug Interactions

A
  • Modification of the effect of a drug when given with another drug
  • Results in either a decrease or increase in the action of the drug
  • Beneficial (Drug combination therapy)
  • Harmful (Adverse side effects)
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6
Q

Three Types of Drug Interactions

A
  • Additive interactions
  • Synergistic interactions
  • Potentiation interactions
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7
Q

Additive Drug Interactions

A

-sum of the effects of two drugs given together is equal to each of them given separately but at the same time

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8
Q

Synergistic Drug Interactions

A

-summation of each individual drug’s activity exceeds the sum of the two individual drugs

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9
Q

Potentiation Drug Interactions

A

-One drug (which has no direct effect) increases the response of the other drug, which normally has a lesser effect

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10
Q

Adverse Drug Reactions (ADR)

A

•Unintended side effects from a drug
•At least 5% of hospitalizations are the result of an adverse drug reaction
– tremors, bronchospasms, headaches, vomiting, photosensitivity etc.
•Not all ADRs are allergies

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11
Q

Drug Allergy

A
  • Drug allergies are immune-mediated and induce a hypersensitivity reaction (Mild-hives, Severe-anaphylactic shock)
  • Drug allergies are only one example of an ADR
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12
Q

Pharmacokinetics

A
  • what the body does to a drug

- Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination

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13
Q

Pharmacodynamics

A

-what the drug does to

the body

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14
Q

Absorption

A

How a drug moves from its site(s) of administration into plasma

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15
Q

absorption of the drug is based on

A
  • size of the drug (smaller the easier)
  • ionization of the drug (non-ionized pass through membrane easier)
  • lipid solubility (lipophilic easier to pass through than hydrophilic)
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16
Q

Distribution (pharmacokinetics)

A

-The dissemination of a drug throughout the body, such as plasma, tissues, or organs
•Bloodstream is the major vehicle for distribution

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17
Q

Distribution Influenced by

A
  • Blood flow
  • Fat or water solubility
  • Protein binding
18
Q

Metabolism (pharmacokinetics)

A

-The biotransformation of a drug into other secondary components called metabolites
•Preparing drug for elimination
•Drug becomes more water soluble to enhance elimination

19
Q

Elimination (pharmacokinetics)

A
  • The processes that remove a drug from the body in urine, bile, or feces
  • Drugs can also be excreted via the pulmonary system, skin, hair, saliva, and expired air
20
Q

routes of administration determined by

A
  • Determined by property of drug (Water or lipid soluble, Ionization)
  • Desirability of a rapid onset
  • Need for long-term treatment
  • Restriction of delivery to a local site
21
Q

Enteral (through digestive tract) Administration

A
  • Administering drug by mouth (Swallowed, Under tongue (sublingual), Between gums and cheek (buccal))
  • Most common
  • Most convenient
  • Most economical
  • Safest
22
Q

Oral Administration

A 
•Easily self administered
•Toxicities/overdoses may be overcome with
antidotes
•Low gastric pH inactivates some drugs
•MOST COMPLICATED DRUG ABSORPTION ROUTE
23
Q

Oral Preparations: Enteric coated

A
  • Chemical coating that protects drug from stomach acid
  • Drug dissolves in the intestine (less acidic)
  • Useful for drugs that are acid unstable
24
Q

Extended-Release Preparations

A
  • Drugs contain special coatings or ingredients that control drug release
  • Allows slow absorption
  • Prolonged duration of action
  • Can be dosed less frequently
  • Improves patient compliance
  • Useful for drugs with short half-lives
25
Q

Sublingual/Buccal Administration

A

•Drug diffused directly into systemic circulation

26
Q

Sublingual/Buccal Administration advantages

A
  • Bypasses gastrointestinal (GI) environment
  • Ease of administration
  • Rapid absorption
27
Q

Parenteral Administration

A

•Drug introduced directly into systemic circulation

28
Q

Parenteral Administration advantages

A
  • Useful for drugs poorly absorbed by GI tract
  • Useful for patients unable to take oral medications
  • Circumstances that require rapid onset of action
  • Highest drug bioavailability
  • Avoids harsh GI environment
  • Most control over drug dosage
29
Q

Parenteral Administration Disadvantages

A
  • Irreversible
  • Causes pain and fear
  • Local tissue damage
  • Potential for infections
30
Q

Routes of Administration (Parenteral)

A
  • Intravenous (IV)
  • Intramuscular (IM)
  • Subcutaneous (SC)
31
Q

Intravenous (IV)

A
  • Administration into a vein
  • Most common parenteral route
  • For drugs not absorbed orally
  • Rapid effect
  • Maximum control of drug dose
32
Q

Intravenous (IV) Disadvantages

A
  • Potential for infection
  • Hemolysis
  • No drug recall
  • Cause adverse drug reaction
33
Q

Intramuscular (IM)

A 
•Administration into a muscle
•Aqueous solutions
-Absorbed rapidly
•Specialized depot preparations
-Suspension of drug in nonaqueous vehicle
(polyethylene glycol)
-Absorbed slowly
34
Q

Subcutaneous (SC)

A 
•Administration in the subcutaneous
tissue of the skin
•Absorption via diffusion
•Slower drug onset than IV route
•Provides constant, slow, sustained effects
35
Q

Oral/Nasal Inhalation

A
  • Administration via the airways and lungs
  • Rapid delivery of drug
  • Gases and aerosolized drugs
  • Convenient for patients with respiratory disorders
  • Direct drug delivery to site of action
36
Q

Intrathecal/Intraventricular

A
  • Administration directly into cerebrospinal fluid
  • Rapid delivery of drug
  • Needed to bypass blood-brain barrier
37
Q

Topical

A
  • Administration of drug to the skin

* Used when desire a local effect

38
Q

Transdermal

A 
•Administration of drug via the skin
•Achieves systemic circulation of drug
•Rate of absorption
-Skin
-Lipid solubility of drug
•Sustained delivery of drug
39
Q

Rectal

A
  • Administration via the rectum
  • Prevents destruction of drug by stomach acid
  • Ideal if drug causes vomiting
40
Q

Rectal Disadvantages

A
  • Drug absorption is erratic and variable
  • Irritate rectum
  • Not a well accepted route

Pharm I (15 decks)

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