test 1

Question 1

Chemical name

Answer 1

– chemical structure of drug

Question 2

Generic name

Answer 2

– nonproprietary name

Question 3

Trade/Brand name

Answer 3

– name owned and marketed by a pharmaceutical company

Question 4

Contraindications

Answer 4

Contains warnings as to particular patients or situations in which the drug should not be used

Question 5

Drug Interactions

Answer 5

• Modification of the effect of a drug when given with another drug
• Results in either a decrease or increase in the action of the drug
• Beneficial (Drug combination therapy)
• Harmful (Adverse side effects)

Question 6

Three Types of Drug Interactions

Answer 6

• Additive interactions
• Synergistic interactions
• Potentiation interactions

Question 7

Additive Drug Interactions

Answer 7

-sum of the effects of two drugs given together is equal to each of them given separately but at the same time

Question 8

Synergistic Drug Interactions

Answer 8

-summation of each individual drug’s activity exceeds the sum of the two individual drugs

Question 9

Potentiation Drug Interactions

Answer 9

-One drug (which has no direct effect) increases the response of the other drug, which normally has a lesser effect

Question 10

Adverse Drug Reactions (ADR)

Answer 10

•Unintended side effects from a drug
•At least 5% of hospitalizations are the result of an adverse drug reaction
– tremors, bronchospasms, headaches, vomiting, photosensitivity etc.
•Not all ADRs are allergies

Question 11

Drug Allergy

Answer 11

• Drug allergies are immune-mediated and induce a hypersensitivity reaction (Mild-hives, Severe-anaphylactic shock)
• Drug allergies are only one example of an ADR

Question 12

Pharmacokinetics

Answer 12

• what the body does to a drug

- Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination

Question 13

Pharmacodynamics

Answer 13

-what the drug does to

the body

Question 14

Absorption

Answer 14

How a drug moves from its site(s) of administration into plasma

Question 15

absorption of the drug is based on

Answer 15

• size of the drug (smaller the easier)
• ionization of the drug (non-ionized pass through membrane easier)
• lipid solubility (lipophilic easier to pass through than hydrophilic)

Question 16

Distribution (pharmacokinetics)

Answer 16

-The dissemination of a drug throughout the body, such as plasma, tissues, or organs
•Bloodstream is the major vehicle for distribution

Question 17

Distribution Influenced by

Answer 17

• Blood flow
• Fat or water solubility
• Protein binding

Question 18

Metabolism (pharmacokinetics)

Answer 18

-The biotransformation of a drug into other secondary components called metabolites
•Preparing drug for elimination
•Drug becomes more water soluble to enhance elimination

Question 19

Elimination (pharmacokinetics)

Answer 19

• The processes that remove a drug from the body in urine, bile, or feces
• Drugs can also be excreted via the pulmonary system, skin, hair, saliva, and expired air

Question 20

routes of administration determined by

Answer 20

• Determined by property of drug (Water or lipid soluble, Ionization)
• Desirability of a rapid onset
• Need for long-term treatment
• Restriction of delivery to a local site

Question 21

Enteral (through digestive tract) Administration

Answer 21

• Administering drug by mouth (Swallowed, Under tongue (sublingual), Between gums and cheek (buccal))
• Most common
• Most convenient
• Most economical
• Safest

Question 22

Oral Administration

Answer 22

•Easily self administered
•Toxicities/overdoses may be overcome with
antidotes
•Low gastric pH inactivates some drugs
•MOST COMPLICATED DRUG ABSORPTION ROUTE

Question 23

Oral Preparations: Enteric coated

Answer 23

• Chemical coating that protects drug from stomach acid
• Drug dissolves in the intestine (less acidic)
• Useful for drugs that are acid unstable

Question 24

Extended-Release Preparations

Answer 24

• Drugs contain special coatings or ingredients that control drug release
• Allows slow absorption
• Prolonged duration of action
• Can be dosed less frequently
• Improves patient compliance
• Useful for drugs with short half-lives

Question 25

Sublingual/Buccal Administration

Answer 25

•Drug diffused directly into systemic circulation

Question 26

Sublingual/Buccal Administration advantages

Answer 26

* Bypasses gastrointestinal (GI) environment * Ease of administration * Rapid absorption

Question 27

Parenteral Administration

Answer 27

•Drug introduced directly into systemic circulation

Question 28

Parenteral Administration advantages

Answer 28

* Useful for drugs poorly absorbed by GI tract * Useful for patients unable to take oral medications * Circumstances that require rapid onset of action * Highest drug bioavailability * Avoids harsh GI environment * Most control over drug dosage

Question 29

Parenteral Administration Disadvantages

Answer 29

* Irreversible * Causes pain and fear * Local tissue damage * Potential for infections

Question 30

Routes of Administration (Parenteral)

Answer 30

* Intravenous (IV) * Intramuscular (IM) * Subcutaneous (SC)

Question 31

Intravenous (IV)

Answer 31

* Administration into a vein * Most common parenteral route * For drugs not absorbed orally * Rapid effect * Maximum control of drug dose

Question 32

Intravenous (IV) Disadvantages

Answer 32

* Potential for infection * Hemolysis * No drug recall * Cause adverse drug reaction

Question 33

Intramuscular (IM)

Answer 33

``` •Administration into a muscle •Aqueous solutions -Absorbed rapidly •Specialized depot preparations -Suspension of drug in nonaqueous vehicle (polyethylene glycol) -Absorbed slowly ```

Question 34

Subcutaneous (SC)

Answer 34

``` •Administration in the subcutaneous tissue of the skin •Absorption via diffusion •Slower drug onset than IV route •Provides constant, slow, sustained effects ```

Question 35

Oral/Nasal Inhalation

Answer 35

* Administration via the airways and lungs * Rapid delivery of drug * Gases and aerosolized drugs * Convenient for patients with respiratory disorders * Direct drug delivery to site of action

Question 36

Intrathecal/Intraventricular

Answer 36

* Administration directly into cerebrospinal fluid * Rapid delivery of drug * Needed to bypass blood-brain barrier

Question 37

Topical

Answer 37

* Administration of drug to the skin | * Used when desire a local effect

Question 38

Transdermal

Answer 38

``` •Administration of drug via the skin •Achieves systemic circulation of drug •Rate of absorption -Skin -Lipid solubility of drug •Sustained delivery of drug ```

Question 39

Rectal

Answer 39

* Administration via the rectum * Prevents destruction of drug by stomach acid * Ideal if drug causes vomiting

Question 40

Rectal Disadvantages

Answer 40

* Drug absorption is erratic and variable * Irritate rectum * Not a well accepted route