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bio 212 > test 3 > Flashcards

test 3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is juxtacrine?

A

direct contact signalling

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2
Q

what happens in a gap junction?

A

they swap cytosol

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3
Q

what is autocrine?

A

secreting cell and target cell are the same

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4
Q

what is paracrine?

A

cell produces a signal that affects nearby cells

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5
Q

what is synpatic signalling?

A

similar to paracrine, only occurs at the synapse of two cells

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6
Q

what is endocrine?

A

long distance signalling

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7
Q

what are the 3 processes of signals?

A

reception, transduction, response.

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8
Q

what happens during reception?

A

target cells (ligands) detect signalling molecules. the cell will repsond to a ligand depending on the receptors it has. key and lock

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9
Q

what is a extracelluar receptor?

A

transmembrane proteins in the plasma membrane

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10
Q

what are some examples of intracelluar receptors?

A

cytoplasm, nucleus, intracelluar membranes

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11
Q

what happens during transduction?

A

once bound to a ligand the receptor will change shape . the signal cascades to different proteins is often amplified.

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12
Q

what are protein kinases?

A

they transfer phosphates from atp to protein (phosphorylation)

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13
Q

what are protein phosphatases?

A

they rapidly turn proteins off

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14
Q

what turns proteins on?

A

phosphorylation

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15
Q

what is the process where they remove phosphates?

A

dephosphorylation

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16
Q

what are secondary messengers?

A

small non-protein, water soluable molecules or ions, can diffuse quickly

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17
Q

what is adenlyl cyclase?

A

an enzyme in the plasma membrane and creates cAMP

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18
Q

what does cAMP activate?

A

protein kinase A, which phosphorolizes other proteins and amps the signal

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19
Q

phosphodiesterase inactivates what?

A

cAMP message

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20
Q

why is calcium a good secondary messenger?

A

concentration differences makes it highly rapid and regulated

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21
Q

where does the output response occur?

A

cytoplasm or nucleus

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22
Q

what are some common cellular responses?

A

activate and enzyme, synthesis of proteins by synthesizing mRNA

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23
Q

what are the 4 aspects of signal regulation to consider?

A

amplification of the signal, specificity of the response, efficiency of the response, termination of the signal.

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24
Q

what are scaffolding proteins?

A

they bring signaling molecules together, they increase signal efficiency and can activate relay proteins

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25
Q

why would receptors want to stop receiving signals?

A

if a ligand fails, fewer receptors will be activated, unbound receptors fall into an inactive state.

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26
Q

what is the most common receptor?

A

g-protein coupled receptors

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27
Q

what happens to a g-protein in an inactive state?

A

g-proteins are attached to the GPCR and bound to GDP

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28
Q

what are GDP and GTP?

A

guanine nucleotides

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29
Q

what happens after a g-protein is bound to GTP?

A

the g-protein leaves the GPCR and interacts with enzymes

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30
Q

What is norepinephrine?

A

a neurotransmitter, affects the fight or flight response

31
Q

what are some repsonses to norepinephrine?

A

increased bladder control, pupil dilation, increases blood pressure

32
Q

what are receptor tyrosine kinases?

A

they are membrane receptors, they catalyze the transfer of phosphates to tyrosine residues, can trigger multiple tranduction pathways

33
Q

what is one of the most known causes of cancer?

A

RTK dysfunction

34
Q

what is a ligand-gated ion channel receptor?

A

a ligand makes the receptor open like a gate, highly selective for specific ions

35
Q

what receptors do small hydrophobic molecules bind to?

A

intracellular receptors

36
Q

what is apoptosis?

A

programmed cell death

37
Q

how is apoptosis triggered?

A

by signals that activate a cascade of “suicide” proteins

38
Q

what engulfs apoptoic blebs?

A

scavenger cells

39
Q

what are caspases?

A

types of proteases that degrade proteins

40
Q

what is the chromosome theory of inheritance?

A

specific genes are associated with specific chromosomes

41
Q

what is a loci

A

a gene’s location on a chromosome

42
Q

what are alleles?

A

alternate variants in a gene

43
Q

what is polyploidy?

A

two complete sets of chromosomes

44
Q

what is aneuploidy?

A

uneven seperation of one chromosome leading to offspring with an abnormal chromosome number

45
Q

what is monosomic?

A

zygote has only one copy of a particular chromosome

46
Q

what is trisomic?

A

zygote has three copies of a particular chromosome

47
Q

what is genomic imprinting?

A

certain genes will be silenced depending on which parent passes them on

48
Q

how are cytoplasmic genes inherited?

A

maternally because the zygote’s cytoplasm comes from the egg

49
Q

what are extranuclear or cytoplasmic genes?

A

small circular DNA molecules in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and other plant plastids

50
Q

What are the 3 main purposes of cell division?

A

reproduction, growth and development, tissue renewal/repair

51
Q

what is a genome?

A

all the DNA in a cell

52
Q

what are packaged DNA molecules in a cell?

A

chromosome

53
Q

how are chromatids attached?

A

cohesins

54
Q

what happens during interphase?

A

cell growth and copying of chromosomes in preparation for cell division

55
Q

what is the mitotic phase?

A

consists of both mitosis and cytokinesis

56
Q

what phase do chromosomes duplicate?

A

S Phase

57
Q

what does the mitotic spindle do?

A

controls chromosome movement

58
Q

what happens during prophase?

A

chromatin fibers become tightly coiled, mitotic spindles start to form

59
Q

what happens during prometaphase?

A

nuclear envelope fragments, kineticores, a protein structure, connects to centromeres

60
Q

what happens in plant cells during cytokinesis?

A

a cell plate forms

61
Q

how do prokaryotes divide?

A

binary fission

62
Q

what do cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (cdks) do?

A

regulate the cell cycle

63
Q

what is anchorage dependence?

A

cells require a surface for division

64
Q

what is density-dependent inhibition?

A

cells form a single layer

65
Q

what are benign tumors?

A

form lumps that stay in their original location

66
Q

what are malignant tumors?

A

invade surrounding tissues and can metastasize moving to other areas of the body

67
Q

what is the transmission of traits from one generation to the next

A

heredity

68
Q

crossover occurs are x-shaped sites called?

A

chiasmata

69
Q

what is independent assortment?

A

homologous pairs of chromosomes orient randomly at metaphase 1 of meiosis

70
Q

what is random fertilization

A

any sperm can fuse with any egg

71
Q

what does antiparallel mean?

A

their subunits run in opposite directions

72
Q

what is a conservative model?

A

retain the parental and synthesize a new molecule

73
Q

what is a semiconservative model?

A

each daughter will retain parent strand with a new strand

74
Q

what is a dispersive model?

A

two molecules with parental and new DNA interspersed within each

bio 212 (3 decks)

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