ok test 1 lmao Flashcards
1
Q
What are the 4 macromolecules?
A
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
2
Q
What is a long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks?
A
polymer
3
Q
What are the repeating units that serve as building blocks?
A
monomers
4
Q
What is the macromolecule that does not have “conventional” polymers?
A
lipids
5
Q
What is the monomer for proteins?
A
amino acids
6
Q
What is the monomer for carbohydrates?
A
monosaccharide
7
Q
What is the polymer for nucleotides?
A
nucleic acids
8
Q
What do triglycerides make up?
A
fats
9
Q
What do diglycerides make up?
A
phospholipid bilayer
10
Q
Are steroids still monomers?
A
YE BOI
11
Q
A ____ reaction makes a bond.
A
dehydration
12
Q
A ____ reaction breaks a bond.
A
hydrolysis
13
Q
How are monosaccharides classified by?
A
The location of the carbonyl group or the number of carbons in the carbon skeleton.
14
Q
What is the function of a 3 carbon monosaccharide?
A
respiration
15
Q
What is the function of a 5 carbon monosaccharide?
A
in nucleic acids
16
Q
What is the function of a 6 carbon monosaccharide?
A
fuel source, polysaccharide building blocks.
17
Q
What bonds monosaccharides together?
A
glycosidic linkage
18
Q
glucose+glucose=
A
maltose
19
Q
glucose+frutose=
A
sucrose
20
Q
what is starch?
A
energy storage in plants
21
Q
what is glycogen?
A
short term energy storage in animals (liver and muscle mainly)
22
Q
what is cellulose?
A
plant cell wall
23
Q
The architecture and function of a polysacccharide are determined by?
A
its sugar monomers and the positions of its glycosidic linkages
24
Q
What linkages are in cellulose?
A
beta linkages
25
What is the unifying feature in all lipids?
they are hydrophobic
26
Why are lipids hydrophobic?
they consist of hydrocarbons which are nonpolar
27
What are fats made of?
glycerol and 3 fatty acids
28
what is a three carbon alcohol with a hydroxyl group attached to each carbon in fats?
glycerol
29
what consist of a carboxyl group attached to a long hydrocarbon skeleton in fats?
fatty acids
30
What are the bonds in lipids?
ester linkages
31
What is a saturated fatty acid?
has the max amount of hydrogen atoms and no double bonds
32
what is an unsaturated fatty acids?
one or more double bonds, cis double bond causes bending
33
what is a major function of triglycerides?
energy storage
34
What charge does a phospholipid have?
negative
35
What is in a phospholipid?
2 fatty acids and a phosphate group attached to glycerol
36
a phospholipid has a ____ head and a ____ tail.
hydrophilic, hydrophobic
37
What are lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of 4 carbon rings?
steroids
38
Which steroid is a component in animal cell membrane and a precursor from which other steroids are synthesized?
cholesterol
39
What are enzymatic proteins?
they speed up chemical reactions
40
what are defensive proteins?
they protect against disease
41
What are storage proteins?
they store amino acids
42
what are transport proteins?
they transport substances (in cell membrane)
43
what are hormonal proteins?
they coordinate an organisms activities
44
what are receptor proteins
they repsond to chemical stimuli of the cell
45
what are contractile and motor proteins?
they move (cilia, flagella)
46
what are structural proteins?
they support (hair, feathers)
47
What is the difference between a polypeptide and a protein?
a protein is made up of polypeptide chains
48
How do amino acids differ?
through their r groups
49
What are amino acids made up of?
r, amino and carboxyl groups
50
What are the 3 important amino acids i should know and why?
Cysteine b/c it has sulfide
Glycine b/c is has no r group
Proline b/c its r group engages the carbon backbone
51
what are the negatively charged amino acids?
aspartic acid and glutamic acid
52
what are the positively charged amino acids?
lysine, arginine, and histidine
53
Amino acids are linked by?
peptide bonds
54
The amino end of a polypeptide is also called _ terminus
N
55
The carboxyl end of a polypeptide is called c ____
terminus
56
What does the sequence of amino acids dictate?
a protein's 3-d structure
57
What does a protein's structure dictate?
its function
58
What is primary structure?
a unique sequence of amino acids
59
what is secondary structure?
consist of coils and folds in the polypeptide chain (alpha helix and beta pleated)
60
what is tertiary structure?
the overall shape of a polypeptide, determined by interactions among side chains on a single polypeptide chain
61
what is Quaternary structure?
multiple polypeptide chains
62
what is denaturation?
the loss of a proteins native structure
63
what are protein molecules that assist the proper folding of other proteins
chaperonin
64
what are nucleic acids?
the macromolecules in cells that store, transmit, and help express hereditary information
65
what are the 2 types of nucleic acid?
dna and rna
66
what is the function of dna?
contain and store our hereditary information in hereditary units called genes. they trasmit the information to daughter cells
67
what is the function of rna?
they assist in the experssion of hereditary information. dna to rna to proteins
68
what does a nucleotide include?
nitrogeneous base, pentose sugar, and one or more phosphate group
69
what is a nucleotide called with its phosphate group?
nucleoside
70
what are the pyrimidines?
cytosine, thymine (uracil in rna), have a 6 membered ring, 2 rings
71
what are the purines?
adenine and guanine, have a 5 membered ring
72
what is the linkage for nucleotides?
phosphodiester linkage
73
how are base pairs joined?
by hydrogen bonds
74
what is antiparallel in in dna?
the backbones run in opposite 5'-3'
75
What are scanning electron microscopes?
they focus a beam of electrons onto the surface, providing a 3d image
76
how do transmission electron microscopes work?
they focus a beam of electrons through a specimen, looks like a cross section
77
what is cell fractionation?
it takes cells apart and separates the major organelles from one another
78
what domains consist only of prokaryotic cells?
bacteria and archaea
79
protists, fungi, animals, and plants all consist of ____ cells.
eukaryotic
80
what are some characteristics of a eukaryotic cell?
dna in a nucleus that is bound by a membranous nuclear envelope, membrane bound organelles, cytoplasm
81
what is a selective barrier that allows sufficient passage of oxygen, nutrients, and waste to service the cell?
plasma membrane
82
what does messenger rna do?
it carries information from the nucleus to cytoplasm and interacts with ribosomes in the making of proteins
83
what contains most of the cell's genes?
nucleus
84
what encloses the nucleus, separating it from the cytoplasm
nuclear envelope
85
is the nuclear membrane a double membran
YEA
86
What are ribosomes?
complexes made of ribosomal rna and protein, they are protein factories
87
where do ribosomes carry out protein synthesis?
cytosol, on ER, and nuclear envelope
88
what does the endomembrane system do?
regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions in the cell
89
the endomembrane system consists of ?
nuclear envelope, ER, golgi, lysosomes, vacuoles, plasma membrane
90
How does the endomembrane system work together?
direct fusion or connected via transfer by vesicles or transient fusion/fission
91
what are the main functions of the golgi?
modifies products of the ER and sorts/packages materials into transport vesicles
92
in what environment do lysosomes work best?
acidic
93
what is the function of a lysosome?
to digest macromolecules
94
what is autophagy?
recycling the cell's own organelles and macromolecules (eat yoself)
95
what is a peroxisome?
it produces hydrogen peroxide and converts it into water
96
what is mitochondria?
the site of cellular respiration, uses oxygen to generate atp
97
what are chloroplasts?
sites of photosynthesis
98
how are mitochondria and chloroplasts similar?
double membrane, contains dna, reproduce independently
99
what are the folds in mitochondria called?
cristae
100
what organelle has a triple membrane?
chloroplast
101
what is the function of the cytoskeleton?
its a network of protein fibers that organizes structures and activities
102
what three structures make up the cytoskeleton?
microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments
103
what are microtubules?
they are thick and hollow, permanent and dynamic
104
what are microfilaments?
thin and not hollow, permanent and dynamic
105
what are intermediate filaments?
permenant
106
what do animal cells secrete?
extra cellular matrix
107
what are glycoproteins?
proteins with sugar
108
what are proteoglycans?
sugar with protein
109
how do neighboring cells communicate?
through physcial contact
110
what is plasmodesmata?
channels that perforate plant wall, communication
111
what are tight junctions?
membranes of neighboring cells are pressed together, preventing leakage of extracellular fluid
112
what are desmosomes?
anchoring junctions, fasten cells together into strong sheets
113
what are gap junctions?
communicating junctions, provide cytoplasmic channels between adjacent cells
