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ok test 1 lmao Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 macromolecules?

A

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

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2
Q

What is a long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks?

A

polymer

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3
Q

What are the repeating units that serve as building blocks?

A

monomers

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4
Q

What is the macromolecule that does not have “conventional” polymers?

A

lipids

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5
Q

What is the monomer for proteins?

A

amino acids

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6
Q

What is the monomer for carbohydrates?

A

monosaccharide

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7
Q

What is the polymer for nucleotides?

A

nucleic acids

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8
Q

What do triglycerides make up?

A

fats

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9
Q

What do diglycerides make up?

A

phospholipid bilayer

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10
Q

Are steroids still monomers?

A

YE BOI

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11
Q

A ____ reaction makes a bond.

A

dehydration

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12
Q

A ____ reaction breaks a bond.

A

hydrolysis

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13
Q

How are monosaccharides classified by?

A

The location of the carbonyl group or the number of carbons in the carbon skeleton.

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14
Q

What is the function of a 3 carbon monosaccharide?

A

respiration

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15
Q

What is the function of a 5 carbon monosaccharide?

A

in nucleic acids

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16
Q

What is the function of a 6 carbon monosaccharide?

A

fuel source, polysaccharide building blocks.

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17
Q

What bonds monosaccharides together?

A

glycosidic linkage

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18
Q

glucose+glucose=

A

maltose

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19
Q

glucose+frutose=

A

sucrose

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20
Q

what is starch?

A

energy storage in plants

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21
Q

what is glycogen?

A

short term energy storage in animals (liver and muscle mainly)

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22
Q

what is cellulose?

A

plant cell wall

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23
Q

The architecture and function of a polysacccharide are determined by?

A

its sugar monomers and the positions of its glycosidic linkages

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24
Q

What linkages are in cellulose?

A

beta linkages

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25
Q

What is the unifying feature in all lipids?

A

they are hydrophobic

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26
Q

Why are lipids hydrophobic?

A

they consist of hydrocarbons which are nonpolar

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27
Q

What are fats made of?

A

glycerol and 3 fatty acids

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28
Q

what is a three carbon alcohol with a hydroxyl group attached to each carbon in fats?

A

glycerol

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29
Q

what consist of a carboxyl group attached to a long hydrocarbon skeleton in fats?

A

fatty acids

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30
Q

What are the bonds in lipids?

A

ester linkages

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31
Q

What is a saturated fatty acid?

A

has the max amount of hydrogen atoms and no double bonds

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32
Q

what is an unsaturated fatty acids?

A

one or more double bonds, cis double bond causes bending

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33
Q

what is a major function of triglycerides?

A

energy storage

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34
Q

What charge does a phospholipid have?

A

negative

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35
Q

What is in a phospholipid?

A

2 fatty acids and a phosphate group attached to glycerol

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36
Q

a phospholipid has a ____ head and a ____ tail.

A

hydrophilic, hydrophobic

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37
Q

What are lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of 4 carbon rings?

A

steroids

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38
Q

Which steroid is a component in animal cell membrane and a precursor from which other steroids are synthesized?

A

cholesterol

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39
Q

What are enzymatic proteins?

A

they speed up chemical reactions

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40
Q

what are defensive proteins?

A

they protect against disease

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41
Q

What are storage proteins?

A

they store amino acids

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42
Q

what are transport proteins?

A

they transport substances (in cell membrane)

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43
Q

what are hormonal proteins?

A

they coordinate an organisms activities

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44
Q

what are receptor proteins

A

they repsond to chemical stimuli of the cell

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45
Q

what are contractile and motor proteins?

A

they move (cilia, flagella)

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46
Q

what are structural proteins?

A

they support (hair, feathers)

47
Q

What is the difference between a polypeptide and a protein?

A

a protein is made up of polypeptide chains

48
Q

How do amino acids differ?

A

through their r groups

49
Q

What are amino acids made up of?

A

r, amino and carboxyl groups

50
Q

What are the 3 important amino acids i should know and why?

A

Cysteine b/c it has sulfide
Glycine b/c is has no r group
Proline b/c its r group engages the carbon backbone

51
Q

what are the negatively charged amino acids?

A

aspartic acid and glutamic acid

52
Q

what are the positively charged amino acids?

A

lysine, arginine, and histidine

53
Q

Amino acids are linked by?

A

peptide bonds

54
Q

The amino end of a polypeptide is also called _ terminus

55
Q

The carboxyl end of a polypeptide is called c ____

56
Q

What does the sequence of amino acids dictate?

A

a protein’s 3-d structure

57
Q

What does a protein’s structure dictate?

A

its function

58
Q

What is primary structure?

A

a unique sequence of amino acids

59
Q

what is secondary structure?

A

consist of coils and folds in the polypeptide chain (alpha helix and beta pleated)

60
Q

what is tertiary structure?

A

the overall shape of a polypeptide, determined by interactions among side chains on a single polypeptide chain

61
Q

what is Quaternary structure?

A

multiple polypeptide chains

62
Q

what is denaturation?

A

the loss of a proteins native structure

63
Q

what are protein molecules that assist the proper folding of other proteins

A

chaperonin

64
Q

what are nucleic acids?

A

the macromolecules in cells that store, transmit, and help express hereditary information

65
Q

what are the 2 types of nucleic acid?

A

dna and rna

66
Q

what is the function of dna?

A

contain and store our hereditary information in hereditary units called genes. they trasmit the information to daughter cells

67
Q

what is the function of rna?

A

they assist in the experssion of hereditary information. dna to rna to proteins

68
Q

what does a nucleotide include?

A

nitrogeneous base, pentose sugar, and one or more phosphate group

69
Q

what is a nucleotide called with its phosphate group?

A

nucleoside

70
Q

what are the pyrimidines?

A

cytosine, thymine (uracil in rna), have a 6 membered ring, 2 rings

71
Q

what are the purines?

A

adenine and guanine, have a 5 membered ring

72
Q

what is the linkage for nucleotides?

A

phosphodiester linkage

73
Q

how are base pairs joined?

A

by hydrogen bonds

74
Q

what is antiparallel in in dna?

A

the backbones run in opposite 5’-3’

75
Q

What are scanning electron microscopes?

A

they focus a beam of electrons onto the surface, providing a 3d image

76
Q

how do transmission electron microscopes work?

A

they focus a beam of electrons through a specimen, looks like a cross section

77
Q

what is cell fractionation?

A

it takes cells apart and separates the major organelles from one another

78
Q

what domains consist only of prokaryotic cells?

A

bacteria and archaea

79
Q

protists, fungi, animals, and plants all consist of ____ cells.

A

eukaryotic

80
Q

what are some characteristics of a eukaryotic cell?

A

dna in a nucleus that is bound by a membranous nuclear envelope, membrane bound organelles, cytoplasm

81
Q

what is a selective barrier that allows sufficient passage of oxygen, nutrients, and waste to service the cell?

A

plasma membrane

82
Q

what does messenger rna do?

A

it carries information from the nucleus to cytoplasm and interacts with ribosomes in the making of proteins

83
Q

what contains most of the cell’s genes?

84
Q

what encloses the nucleus, separating it from the cytoplasm

A

nuclear envelope

85
Q

is the nuclear membrane a double membran

86
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

complexes made of ribosomal rna and protein, they are protein factories

87
Q

where do ribosomes carry out protein synthesis?

A

cytosol, on ER, and nuclear envelope

88
Q

what does the endomembrane system do?

A

regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions in the cell

89
Q

the endomembrane system consists of ?

A

nuclear envelope, ER, golgi, lysosomes, vacuoles, plasma membrane

90
Q

How does the endomembrane system work together?

A

direct fusion or connected via transfer by vesicles or transient fusion/fission

91
Q

what are the main functions of the golgi?

A

modifies products of the ER and sorts/packages materials into transport vesicles

92
Q

in what environment do lysosomes work best?

93
Q

what is the function of a lysosome?

A

to digest macromolecules

94
Q

what is autophagy?

A

recycling the cell’s own organelles and macromolecules (eat yoself)

95
Q

what is a peroxisome?

A

it produces hydrogen peroxide and converts it into water

96
Q

what is mitochondria?

A

the site of cellular respiration, uses oxygen to generate atp

97
Q

what are chloroplasts?

A

sites of photosynthesis

98
Q

how are mitochondria and chloroplasts similar?

A

double membrane, contains dna, reproduce independently

99
Q

what are the folds in mitochondria called?

100
Q

what organelle has a triple membrane?

A

chloroplast

101
Q

what is the function of the cytoskeleton?

A

its a network of protein fibers that organizes structures and activities

102
Q

what three structures make up the cytoskeleton?

A

microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments

103
Q

what are microtubules?

A

they are thick and hollow, permanent and dynamic

104
Q

what are microfilaments?

A

thin and not hollow, permanent and dynamic

105
Q

what are intermediate filaments?

106
Q

what do animal cells secrete?

A

extra cellular matrix

107
Q

what are glycoproteins?

A

proteins with sugar

108
Q

what are proteoglycans?

A

sugar with protein

109
Q

how do neighboring cells communicate?

A

through physcial contact

110
Q

what is plasmodesmata?

A

channels that perforate plant wall, communication

111
Q

what are tight junctions?

A

membranes of neighboring cells are pressed together, preventing leakage of extracellular fluid

112
Q

what are desmosomes?

A

anchoring junctions, fasten cells together into strong sheets

113
Q

what are gap junctions?

A

communicating junctions, provide cytoplasmic channels between adjacent cells

bio 212 (3 decks)

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