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Intro to Pharmaceuticals > Test 3 > Flashcards

Test 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Why can’t lipophilic drugs be excreted by the kidney?

A

Liver converts lipophilic drugs to hydrophobic metabolites that can be easily excreted by the kidney.

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2
Q

What are xenobiotics?

A

Toxins, foreign/unwanted molecules

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3
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Proteins in nature, speeds up reaction

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4
Q

What is a co-enzyme?

A

Non-protien, helper

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5
Q

Is prodrug active or inactive?

A

Inactive

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6
Q

Hydrolase

A

Hydrolysis of substrate

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7
Q

Ligases

A

Bond formation

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8
Q

Transferases

A

Transfer of group between molecules

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9
Q

Lyases

A

Elimination and addition reaction

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10
Q

Isomerases

A

Rearrangement reactions

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11
Q

Oxidoreductases

A

Oxidation or reduction

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12
Q

Steps of drug metabolism in liver?

A
  1. Toxic substances are presented to liver via portal circulation
  2. Liver modifies these substances by “first pass metabolism”
  3. Phase 1 reactions are catalyzed by cytochrome P-450 enzymes
    • This includes oxidation, reduction, and hydrolysis
  4. Phase 2 reactions conjugate the substances. Once conjugated, the substance can be easily excreted.
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13
Q

What phase of drug metabolism is affected in old age?

A

Phases 1

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14
Q

What is intrinsic activity?

A

Drug’s ability to initiate response after binding to a receptor

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15
Q

What is an agonist?

A

Drug has an affinity for a receptor and stimulates it

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16
Q

What is an antagonist?

A

Drug has an affinity for a receptor but displays little or no intrinsic activity.

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17
Q

Two types of antagonist?

A

Competitive,non-competitive

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18
Q

Competitive Antagonist

A

Competes with agonist for receptor sites, occupies the receptor site = NO activity

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19
Q

Non-competitive antagonist

A

Binds to the site other than receptor site and changes the shape of receptor = NO activity

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20
Q

Phase 1 reaction

A

Oxidation, reduction, and hydrolysis

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21
Q

Phase 2 reactions

A

Conjugate the substances

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22
Q

Metabolic pathway

A

Sequence of chemical reactions

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23
Q

What happens during a metabolic pathway?

A
  • Each reaction is catalyzed by a different enzyme

- he product of one reaction serves as the substrate for the next

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24
Q

Enzyme activity is regulated and can be inhibited.

A

True

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25
Q

How do feedback inhibition hinder metabolic pathways?

A

Inhibits an enzyme in the pathway so no product is available to feed the next reaction

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26
Q

How is drugs eliminated from plasma?

A

Urine/Bile, chemically converting to metabolites

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27
Q

What is pharmacodynamics?

A

What the drug does to the body

28
Q

What is pharmacokinetics?

A

What the body does to the drug

29
Q

What is a good indicator of pharmacokinetics?

A

Drug concentration in plasma

30
Q

What affects the plasma level curve?

A
  • route of administration

- ADME process

31
Q

What is bioavailability?

A

A parameter that characterizes the extent of drug absorption from a product

32
Q

What is the half life of a drug?

A

Time required for plasma drug concentration to decrease by one half of its value

33
Q

How much plasma concentration is necessary for drug efficacy?

A

Minimum

34
Q

What happens when you have a high concentration of a drug?

A

Toxicity

35
Q

What is the therapeutic index?

A

Safety margin

36
Q

Is a narrow therapeutic index safe or unsafe?

A

Unsafe

37
Q

Is a wide therapeutic index safe or unsafe?

A

Safe

38
Q

What is drug excretion?

A

Process by which a drug is eliminated from the body without any chemical change

39
Q

What are ways of drug excretion?

A

Kidneys, saliva, bile, sweat, breast milk, exhaled air

40
Q

What is the main form of excretion?

A

Kidneys

41
Q

What are some functions of kidneys?

A

Water balance
Remove waste
Regulate electrolyte
Regulate plasma pH

42
Q

What are the structures of kidneys?

A

Nephron, Bowman’s capsule, glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption and excretion.

43
Q

What is the structural unit of the kidney?

A

Nephron

44
Q

What is the normal glomerular filtration rate?

A

120 mL/min

45
Q

What happens when you decrease the GFR with kidney disease?

A

Decreases elimination of drugs

46
Q

_______ __________ relates the rate of elimination of a drug to its plasma concentration.

A

Renal clearance

47
Q

Is clearance the same with all drugs?

A

No

48
Q

What is renal clearance?

A

Volume of plasma cleared of a substance per unit time

49
Q

What is the unit time for renal clearance?

A

mL/min and mL/24hr

50
Q

What happens to the drugs with the highest clearance?

A

They are filtered and secreted

51
Q

What happens to drugs with the lowest clearance?

A

They are either not filtered
-or-
They are filtered and reabsorbed.

52
Q

What happens when drugs are excreted by the liver?

A

Drug may be reabsorbed or excreted by bile and feces

53
Q

What are capillaries for?

A

Exchange

54
Q

What does the lymphatic system do?

A

Returns leaky fluid back to heart

55
Q

How do you measure cardiac output?

A

Multiply heart rate by stroke volume

56
Q

What is the stroke volume of the heart?

A

70 mL

57
Q

What is the break down of blood?

A

Pic

58
Q

What is the break down of total body weight?

A

Put diagram here

59
Q

What does the rate of distribution depend on?

A
  1. Type of capillary
  2. Physiochemical properties of the drug
  3. Blood flow
  4. Binding of drug to plasma and tissue proteins
60
Q

What form of drug can cross the cell membrane?

A

Unbound or free drugs

61
Q

What are the types of Capillaries?

A
  1. Continuous capillaries
  2. Fenestrated capillaries
  3. Discontinuous capillaries
62
Q

What is the blood brain barrier?

A

Tight barrier formed by capillaries that lines the brain

63
Q

Do meds pass the BBB?

A

No

64
Q

What happens to the BBB during stroke and what can happen?

A

Broken up during stroke, high risk of dug poisoning

65
Q

What is the formula for volume of distribution?

A

Put equation here

66
Q

What is the total body water divided into?

A

Put pie chart here-ch 8

Intro to Pharmaceuticals (4 decks)

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