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Intro to Pharmaceuticals > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is pharmacology?

A

Study of biochemical and physiological effects of drugs

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2
Q

What is pharmacodynamics?

A

study of the cellular and molecular interactions of drugs with their targets

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3
Q

What is pharmaceutical toxicology?

A

study of harmful or toxic effects of drugs

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4
Q

What is pharmacokinetics?

A

study of factors that control the concentration-time relationship of drug at various sites in the body (what the body does to the drug)

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5
Q

What is medical chemistry?

A

study of drug design to optimize pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics and synthesis

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6
Q

What is pharmaceutics?

A

study and design of drug formulation and optimum delivery, stability, pharmacokinetics and patient acceptance.

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7
Q

What is pharmacogenomics?

A

study of influence of genetic variation on drug response in patients

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8
Q

What is the most effective way of excretion?

A

Urine

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9
Q

What is a drug?

A

Any substance used in diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of a disease

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10
Q

What are the 4 types of drugs?

A
  1. Synthetic
  2. Semi-Synthetic
  3. Naturally Occurring
  4. Mixture
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11
Q

What are some natural drug sources?

A

Plants, animals, and minerals

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12
Q

What are some examples of plants?

A

seaweed, castor oil, resins

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13
Q

What are some examples of animals?

A

insulin, cod liver oil, pepsin

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14
Q

What source do vaccines come from?

A

Animals

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15
Q

How are minerals used in drugs?

A

As they occur in nature and combined with other ingredients

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16
Q

What are the components of an ideal drug?

A
  1. Has desirable effects
  2. Has no side effects
  3. Reaches to its target with right amount @ right time
  4. Remains at the site of action for necessary period of time
  5. Rapidly eliminates from body when no longer needed
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17
Q

What are drug receptors made up of?

A

Protiens

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18
Q

What are some side effects of a drug binding to an unintended target?

A

Toxicity

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19
Q

What is the most effective means of drug administration?

A

IV

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20
Q

What is the most common means of drug administration?

A

Oral

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21
Q

What is the second most common means of drug administration?

A

Intramuscular

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22
Q

What are some means of drug administration?

A

Buccal, sublingual, gastric, intradermal, rectal and vaginal, respiratory inhalants, subcutaneous, topical, epidural, spinal

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23
Q

What happens during Phase 1 of new drug development?

A

testing on small number of healthy volunteers

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24
Q

What does phase 1 test?

A

Safety, toxicity, and pharmacokinetics

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25
Q

What happens during Phase 2?

A

Drug trials with small number of patients with disease of interest

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26
Q

What does Phase 2 test?

A

Assesses treatment efficacy, optimal dosing and adverse effects

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27
Q

What happens during phase 3?

A

drug is used on larger # of patients

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28
Q

What does phase 3 test?

A

compares current treatment to the current standard of care

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29
Q

What happens during phase 4?

A

post-market surveillance of drugs effects

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30
Q

What does phase 4 test?

A

detects rare or long term effects; can it stay on the market?

31
Q

When is a drug taken off the market?

A

When toxicity outweighs the benefit

32
Q

What is the only drug administered subQ?

A

Insulin

33
Q

Why do we not administer more drugs by subQ?

A

skin irritation

34
Q

What do drug actions depend on?

A
  1. physiochemical properties
  2. Chemical properties
  3. sterochemistry
35
Q

What are some biochemical barriers?

A

transport proteins, enzymes, and receptors

36
Q

How does a drug increase or decrease cellular functions?

A

by acting on its receptors

37
Q

What are some regulatory protein targets?

A

receptor, ion channels, enzymes, and transporters

38
Q

What is an example of a receptor?

A

Zyrtec. Antihistamine that targets histamine to prevent allergic reactions

39
Q

What is an example of an ion channel?

A

Lidocaine. blocks sodium channels to prevent sensation of pain. Local anesthetics

40
Q

What is an example of an enzyme?

A

Celebrex. blocks COX-2 enzyme to prevent production of inflammatory substances (prostaglandins)

41
Q

What is the enzyme COX-2 responsible for?

A

transition from phospholipids to prostaglandins

42
Q

What is an example of a transporter?

A

Prozac. blocks the removal of serotonin to elevate mood

43
Q

What is a ligand?

A

Ion/molecule that binds to the protein receptor to carry out physiological effect

44
Q

What is an example of an endogenous ligand?

A

Neurotransmitters

45
Q

What is a exogenous ligand?

A

Drug

46
Q

What is the body’s own pain killer called?

A

Endorphin

47
Q

What does endorphin do?

A

acts on special receptors to reduce pain

48
Q

What are the 3 kinds of protein-ligand binding?

A
  1. Hydrogen Bonding
  2. Ionic reaction
  3. Hydrophobic interaction
49
Q

What is pharmacophore?

A

needed for binding of drug to their targets and producing a biological response

50
Q

Examples of pharmacophore?

A
  1. Vector groups
  2. Carrier groups
  3. Vulnerable groups
51
Q

What are vector groups?

A

physiochemical properties of the molecule

52
Q

What are carrier groups?

A

control absorption, distribution, and excretion

53
Q

What are vulnerable groups?

A

determine metabolism

54
Q

What does complementarity determine?

A

strength of bonding

55
Q

What does physiochemical complementarity deal with?

A

physical/chemical

56
Q

What does steric complementarity deal with?

A

size

57
Q

What is hydrogen bonding?

A

bonding between opposite poles of molecules

58
Q

What are van der Waals forces?

A

intermolecular forces other than ionic or covalent bonds

59
Q

What is steric complementarity?

A

determines 3D shape and size that fit into the shape of the targets

60
Q

What are sterorisomers?

A

molecules that have the same molecular formula but different spatial arrangement

61
Q

What is chirality?

A

geometric property of a molecule not being superimposed with its mirror image

62
Q

What is bioisosterism?

A

The application of isosterism of drugs

63
Q

What does bioisosterism allow?

A

change in drug structure and functions and improve the drug effect

64
Q

How does ionization effect drug intake?

A

structure and function

65
Q

What do buffers do?

A

prevent a change in pH when H+ ions are added to or removed from a solution

66
Q

What is the major extracellular buffer?

A

HCO3-

67
Q

What is the major intracellular buffer?

A

hemoglobin

68
Q

How do buffers work?

A

minimizes the pH change

69
Q

When do weak acids become more non-ionized?

A

when H+ increases (pH decreases)

70
Q

When do weak bases become more non-ionized?

A

when H+ decreases (pH increases)

71
Q

WHen do weak acids become more ionized?

A

When H+ decreases (pH increases)

72
Q

When do weak bases become more ionized?

A

When H+ increases (pH decreases)

73
Q

What form can only cross the membrane?

A

non-ionized

Intro to Pharmaceuticals (4 decks)

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