Test 3 Flashcards
What are the four kinds of vertebrate tissues?
Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Nerve
What is the acronym for Category, Location, Eyesight, Function, and Subcomponents?
CLEFS
CLEFS Simple squamous
[C] Epithelial Tissue
[L] Lung alveoli, kidney filtration systems, arteries
[E] Simple squamous cells are squished. Their nuclei are flattened, and they are basically squishy and aren’t as defined in shape as other types.
[F] Passive diffusion of molecules, like water and electrolytes; protection of underlying tissue (not very much though)
[S] None
CLEFS Simple cuboidal
[C] Epithelial Tissue
[L] Kidney tubule lining
[E] Simple cuboidal cells are usually grouped together around bonfires in a mostly well-defined circularish shape. Nuclei hang around the edges of the bonfire.
[F] Covers and protects underlying tissue
[S] Often have cilia
CLEFS Simple columnar
[C] Epithelial Tissue
[L] Intestinal lining
[E] The simple columnar clan are tall and proud. Their nuclei are usually straight and proud in a clean line from cell to cell. They are thin, but make up for it with height and grandeur.
[F] Secrete fluids; protection of underlying tissue
[S] Often have cilia
CLEFS Stratified squamous
[C] Epithelial Tissue [L] Skin [E] Stratified squamous cells actually include all three kinds of shapes. They start with columnar near the bottom, move towards cuboidal and get progressively more squished until they are squamous. They look like infinitely stretched strawberries. [F] Protection of underlying tissue [S] None
CLEFS Pseudostratified columnar
[C] Epithelial Tissue
[L] Trachea
[E] Pseudostratified columnar cells are just like simple columnar cells, except their former glory has fallen. Their nuclei are not straight and proud; rather, they are so disorganized they almost look like stratified cells gasp
[F] Secrete fluids; protection of underlying tissue
[S] Often have cilia
CLEFS Glandular
[C] Epithelial Tissue
[L] Liver, pancreas, mammary glands
[E] Random, no distinctive shape, clumpy
[F] Glandular epithelium cells try really hard to do special stuff like glands do. They shun ordinary protective duties and focus on secretion instead. Exocrine glands are an example.
[S] Liver cells will have a giant hepatocyte nucleus.
CLEFS Subcutaneous
[BONUS] Subcutaneous tissue is also known as ______.
[C] Connective tissue proper
[L] Throughout body
[E] Subcutaneous tissue looks like lines and dots.
[F] Structure and support
[S] There are two kinds of lines in subcutaneous tissue. The first is collagen fibers, which are wider and made up of collagen. Elastic fibers are made up of elastin and are thinner and more stretchy. The dots are fibroblasts, which are the cells that secrete collagen and elastin.
[BONUS] Areolar tissue
CLEFS Reticulin
[C] Connective tissue proper
[L] Spleen and lymph nodes
[E] Reticulin looks like worms toughing it out amongst the other cells, apparently. (But they aren
[F] Support in spleen and lymph nodes; tissue junctions
[S] None
T/F: “Simple” in the context of epithelial tissue means just one cell layer thick.
T.
CLEFS Macrophages
[C] Connective tissue proper
[L] Usually the liver, but not exclusively (circulatory system, spleen)
[E] Macrophages often have black patches in them, because they like to engulf the ink that is used to prepare them for viewing.
[F] Macrophages ingest invading cells or other debris - janitor and warrior all into one.
[S] None
CLEFS Adipose
[BONUS] Adipose is a fancy word for ____.
[C] Connective Tissue proper
[L] Any loose connective tissue
[E] Adipose tissue looks like pinkish-white bubble gum, balloons, marshmallows, etc. Nuclei are usually smooshed up against the plasma membranes.
[F] Adipose cells store triglycerides. They also can hydrolyze the triglycerides into fatty acids that all organs, especially muscles and the liver, prize more highly than a $60 steak. (They like oxidizing them, just so you know.)
[BONUS] fat!
T/F: The number of adipose cells in a person’s body varies as necessary to accommodate varying amounts of stored fat.
F.
What kinds of connective tissues are denoted as ‘loose’? Why? What kinds of connective tissues are denoted as “dense” and why?
Subcutaneous tissue, reticulin fibers, macrophages, and adipose tissue are all loose connective tissue because they are amorphous, scattered and unorganized. Tendons are a kind of dense connective tissue because they have tightly packed collagen fibers.
T/F: Despite its less rigid structure, loose connective tissue’s flexibility often makes it stronger than dense connective tissue.
F: Dense connective tissue is still stronger.
CLEFS tendon
[C] Connective tissue proper
[L] Anywhere a muscle needs to be bound to bone. (Ligaments are similar but bind bone to bone.)
[E] Tendon’s strong, straight collagen fiber bundles will look like waves, all going one direction. They’ll have fibroblasts that sometimes are flattened out like straws. They look like steak, to be honest, but probably not $60 ones.
[F] Connecting (duh) muscles to bone; general support
[S] None
CLEFS blood
[C] Special connective tissue
[L] Blood vessels throughout body
[E] Blood looks like a bowl of candy, made up of red blood cells (often stained pink, round, and medium size), white blood cells (often stained purple, round, and large size), and platelets (often stained red, round, and small size).
[F] Blood helps transport O2, CO2, and many other substances; it also helps maintain pH.
[S] Red blood cells, or erythrocytes; white blood cells, or leukocytes; and platelets, which are bone-marrow cell fragments.
CLEFS Hyaline cartilage
[BONUS] Hyaline cartilage is also known as ______.
[C] Special connective tissue
[L] Between bone joints
[E] Like any self-respecting cartilage, hyaline cartilage contains chondrocytes, or little purple stained cells, that are found ensconced within white bubbly lacunae. Hyaline cartilage is special because the extracellular matrix is smooth.
[F] Cushioning bone joint surfaces
[S] Chondrocytes (cells that secrete chondrin, a gelatinous ECM) and lacunae (cavities)
[BONUS] The annoying stuff when you try to eat chicken legs
CLEFS Elastic cartilage
[C] Special connective tissue [L] Larynx, ear cartilage [E] Elastic cartilage has chondrocytes and lacunae just like any good cartilage. Its ECM, however, is fiber-rich, more elastic, and looks much more stringy. [F] Flexible support [S] Chondrocytes and lacunae
CLEFS Bone
[BONUS] Bone is best viewed at ______ magnification.
[C] Special connective tissue
[L] Throughout skeletal system.
[E] Bone looks like bundles of miniature logs on account of the round osteons that make it up. It’s usually brown.
[F] Rigid support
[S] Bones do have (1) lacunae, which house bone growing (2) osteocyte cells. They like to hang around the edges of the round part, or the (3) osteon. The onion layers of the osteon are (4) lamellae. (5) Canaliculi cut through lamellae to communicate between osteocytes and the center of the bone. The center has (6) Haversian canals inside it, which include nerves and blood vessels.
[BONUS] Medium
CLEFS Skeletal muscle
[C] Muscle tissue
[L] Attached to the skeleton anywhere
[E] Skeletal muscle is banded and very striated. It can even look like bundles of Twizzlers, but it will always look very uniform and well woven.
[F] Voluntary contraction
[S] Skeletal muscle cells often are multinucleate.
In muscle tissue, bundles of _____ and _____ form ________, which let the muscles contract.
myosin, actin, myrofibrils
CLEFS Cardiac muscle
[C] Muscle tissue [L] The heart [E] Cardiac muscle has longer wavy lines than skeletal muscle. It also has intercalated disks, which are like cellular stoppers that form organizing junctions between fibers. They look like purple dashes that lay transverse from the direction of the muscle striation. [F] Involuntary contraction [S] Intercalated disks
CLEFS Smooth muscle
[C] Muscle tissue [L] Lining of blood vessels and the gut [E] Smooth muscle lacks the striation strength of other muscle types. It and its nuclei look spindly and thin. [F] Involuntary contraction [S] None
Which muscle type contract slowest? Which contracts fastest?
Smooth; skeletal
CLEFS Neurons
[C] Nervous tissue [L] Everywhere [E] Impossible not to recognize [F] Send and receive nerve impulses [S] Nerve cells include dendrites (the wacky lighting things on the ends), the cell body (which contains the nucleus), the axon (the 'stem' of the nerve cell), and often a myelin sheath (which coats the axon).
Define.
1) Anterior
2) Caudal
3) Cranial
4) Dorsal
5) Medial
6) Posterior
7) Ventral
1) towards the head
2) towards the tail
3) towards the head
4) towards the back
5) towards the midline of the body
6) towards the tail
7) towards the belly
