Test 3 Flashcards
Companionate Love
A type of romantic relationship that includes strong commitment to supporting and caring for a partner
Passionate Love
A type of romantic relationship that includes intense longing and sexual desire
GroupThink
Pressure to conform results in unanimity in a decision making groups. Group doesn’t appraise all options but simply agrees with outspoken members
Conformity
The altering of your own behaviors and opinions to match those of other people or to match other peoples expectations
Social Norms
Expected standards of conduct which influence behavior
Compliance
The tendency to agree to do things requested by other
Obedience
Factors that influence people to follow the orders given by an authority
Aggression
Any behavior that involves the intention to harm someone else
Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis
The more frustrated we feel, the more likely we are to act aggressively
Pro-social
Acting in ways that tend to benefit others
Bystander Effect/ Apathy
A type of social loafing, decreased likelihood of helping someone when others are present. Ex) Kitty G. Stab Victim
Central- Route
Method of persuasion when people pay attention to the arguments, consider all of the information and use rational cognitive process. This Route leads to strong attitudes that last overtime and we actively defend.
Peripheral Route
Method of persuasion that uses low elaboration, where people minimally process message. Route leads to more impulsive action, as when we decide to purchase a product because a celebrity has endorses it. Attitudes developed through the peripheral route are weaker and more likely to change overtime.
Social Facilitation
When the mere presence of other enhances performance
Social Loafing
The tendency for people to work less hard in a group than when working alone.
Deindividuation
A state of reduced individuality, reduced self awareness, and reduced attention to personal standards; this phenomenon may occur when people are apart of a group.
Actor/ Observer Bias
When interpreting our own behavior, we tend to focus on situations. When interpreting other peoples behavior we tend to focus on personal attributions.
Prejudice
negative feelings, opinions, and beliefs associated with a stereotype.
Discrimination
The inappropriate and unjustified treatment of people as a result of prejudice
Attitudes
Peoples evaluations of objects, of events, or of ideas
Mere Exposure Effect
The increase in liking something due to repeated exposure
Cognitive Dissonance
An uncomfortable mental state due to a contradiction between tow attitudes or between an attitude and a behavior. Ex) Still smoke even though it may kill you
Persuasion
The active and conscious effort to change an attitude through the transmission of a message.
Preconventional Level
Earliest level of moral development; at this level, self interest and even outcomes determine what is moral
Conventional Level
Middle level of moral development, strict adherence to social laws and the approval of other determine what is moral
Post-Conventional Level
highest level of moral development; at this level, self interest and even outcomes determine what is moral
Dementia
server impairment in intellectual capacity and personality, often due to damage to the brain
Personal Attributions
Peoples explanations for why events or actions occur that refer to people internal characteristics, such as abilities, traits, moods, or efforts
Situational Attributions
Peoples explanations for why events or actions occur that refer to external events such as weather, luck, accidents, or other peoples actions
Fundamental Attribution Error
In explaining other peoples behaviors the tendency to over emphasize personality traits and underestimate situational factors
Formal Operational Stage
People can think abstractly, and they can formulate and test hypothesis through logic.
Object Permanence
Realize objects continue to exist even when we cannot see them. Ex) towel/ wand. (Sensorimotor Stage)
Centration
tend to focus on one feature of a problem or object ignoring others (Preoperational Stage)
Egocentrism
Cannot distinguish own perspective from other perspectives. Ex) What would Gma want for Xmas? Toys! (Preoperational Stage)
Law of Conservation
idea that an onjects physical properties done change just because they look differencce. Ex) Glass with water -> bowl (Preoperational Stage)
Puberty
Physical changes in the body that are apart of sexual development
Gender Identity
Each persons beliefs about being male or female
Gender Roles
The characteristics associated with being male or female because of cultural influence or learning
Sensorimotor Stage
(birth- 2 years) Acquire information about world through their senses and motor skills. Acquire object permanence (realize objects continue to exist when we cannot see them). Learn about objects by manipulating them.
Preoperational Stage
(2 - 7 years) Children think symbolically about objects, but they reason based on intuition and superficial appearances rather than logic. Thought is egocentric, believe inanimate objects have animate qualities (animism). Believe simultaneously occurring events are connected (syncretism). Don’t understand conservation- idea that an objects physical properties don’t change just because they look different. Tend to focus on one feature of a problem or object ignoring others (centration)
Concrete Operational Stage
(7-11) Children begin to think about and understand logical operations, and they are no longer fooled by appearances. Less egocentric, have conversation skills, have difficult with hypothetical thinking.
Embryonic Period
Period in prenatal development 2-8 weeks after conception when brain, spine, major organs, and bodily structure begin to form in the embryo. Period of highest vulnerability to toxins. Most miscarriages happen during this period.
Fetal Period
8 weeks- birth. When the brain continues developing, bodily structure are refined, further grows in length and weight, and accumulates fat in preparation for birth. Most problems occur to premature birth.
Maturation
Physical developemtn of the brain and body that prepares an infant for voluntary movement such as rolling over, sitting, and walking
Assimilation
Process we use to incorporate new information into existing information; using what you know to ASSume something else.
Accommodation
Change our understanding of the world to fir new information; when you can recognize that there is a difference
Germinal Period
Conception- 2 weeks. After fertilization of the egg, when the zygote divides rapidly and implants in the uterine wall. Many fertilized eggs never implant
Teratogens
Environmental agents that can harm prenatal development
Avoidant Attachment
Infants who are some what willing to explore an unfamiliar environment, but do not look at caregiver when caregiver leaves or returns, as though they have little interest in the caregiver. Equally comfortable with a stander and a parent.
Secure Attachment
Playful, curious, distressed with a stranger, comforted by parents return. Most common. Leads to social competence and better parenting.
Ambivalent Attachment
(resistant) Wary cling to parent; angry and not calmed by parents return. Are unwilling to explore an unfamiliar environment but seem to have mixed feelings about caregiver.
