Test 3

Question 1

totality of learned, socially transmitted customs, knowledge, material objects, and behavior

Answer 1

culture

Question 2

physical or technological aspects of our daily lives

food, houses, factories, raw materials

Answer 2

material culture

Question 3

ways of using material objects as well as abstract in nature customs, beliefs, government, patterns of communication, philosophies

Answer 3

nonmaterial culture

Question 4

Abstract system of word meanings and symbols for all aspects of culture. (includes speech, written characters, numerals, symbols, and gestures and expressions of nonverbal communication)

Answer 4

language

Question 5

established standards of behavior maintained by a society ( must be widely understood and shared to be significant)

Answer 5

norms

Question 6

norms deemed highly necessary to the welfare of society

Answer 6

mores

Question 7

norms governing everyday behavior

Answer 7

folkways

Question 8

subject to change as political, economic, and social conditions of a culture are transformed

Answer 8

acceptance of norms

Question 9

penalties and rewards for conduct concerning a social norm ( may be either positive or negative)

Answer 9

sanctions

Question 10

describes the set of cultural beliefs and practices that help to maintain powerful social, economic, and political interests

Answer 10

dominant ideology

Question 11

Control wealth and property

Answer 11

dominant ideology

Question 12

control the means of producing beliefs about reality through (religion, education, the media)

Answer 12

dominant ideology

Question 13

segment of society that shares mores, folkways, and values different from the larger society

Answer 13

subculture

Question 14

specialized language that distinguishes a subculture from the wider society

Answer 14

argot

Question 15

subculture that deliberately opposes the larger culture

Answer 15

counterculture

Question 16

feeling disoriented, uncertain, out of place, or fearful when immersed in an unfamiliar culture

Answer 16

culture shock

Question 17

views people’s behaviors from the perspective of their own culture

Answer 17

cultural relativism

Question 18

tendency to assume that one’s own culture is superior to all others

Answer 18

ethnocentrism

Question 19

belief that the product, style, or ideas of ones society are inferior to those from elsewhere

Answer 19

xenocentrism

Question 20

organized collective activities to bring about or resist fundamental change in an existing group or society

Answer 20

social movements

Question 21

conscious feeling of a discrepancy between legitimate expectations and present actualities

Answer 21

relative deprivation/strain theory

Question 22

people must feel they have aright to their goals and perceive that they cannot attain their goals through conventional means

Answer 22

relative deprivation/ strain theory

Question 23

there must be opportunity to protest/dissent if a movement is to emerge

Answer 23

political opportunity theory

Question 24

to sustain a social movement, there must be organizational base and continuity of leadership

Answer 24

resource mobilization theory

Question 25

ways in which social movement utilizes resources such as people, money, etc

Answer 25

resource mobilization theory

Question 26

movements emerge when the political climate is right

Answer 26

political opportunity theory

Question 27

promote autonomy and self-determination as well as improvements in quality of life
(focus is on collective identity)

Answer 27

new social movements theory

Question 28

women find it more difficult to assume leadership positions in social movement organizations

Answer 28

gender of social movements

Question 29

women often disproportionately serve as volunteers in organizational movements

Answer 29

gender of social movements

Question 30

views society as moving in definite direction, generally progressing to a higher state

Answer 30

evolutionary theory

Question 31

all societies pass through the same successive stages of evolution and reach the same end

Answer 31

unilinear evolutionary theory

Question 32

change can occur in several ways and does not inevitably lead in the same direction

Answer 32

multilinear evolutionary theory

Question 33

focuses on what maintains a system, not what changes it. Talcott Parsons was leading proponent

Answer 33

functionalist theory

Question 34

as changes occur in one part of society, there must be adjustment in other parts. If this does not happen, strains will occur and the society’s equilibrium will be threatened

Answer 34

equilibrium model

Question 35

change has crucial significance, since it is needed to correct social injustices and inequalities

Answer 35

conflict theory

Question 36

marx argues that with societal evolution, each successive stage is not an inevitable improvement over the previous one

Answer 36

conflict theory

Question 37

dramatic time in history to consider global social change

• socio-political changes can be predicted
• sociologists must also be able to recognize upheavals and major chaotic shifts that set global changes in motion

Answer 37

global social change

Question 38

in capitalist economic system, many firms not willing to pay price of meeting strict safety standards

Answer 38

economic and cultural factors

Question 39

people or groups who will suffer in the event of a social change

Answer 39

vested interests

Question 40

period of maladjustment when nonmaterial culture is still struggling to adapt to new material conditions

Answer 40

culture lag