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Sociology 101 > final exam > Flashcards

final exam Flashcards

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1
Q

social inequality

A

inequality in the distribution of power, resources, or other “things b/w people, groups, or societies.

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2
Q

social stratification

A

a condition in which the inequality in society is structured into social layers that are difficult to pemeate

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3
Q

slavery

A

most extreme form of legalized social inequality; Enslaved individuals are owned by other people

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4
Q

castes

A

heredity systems of rank, usually religiously dictated, that tend to be fixed and immobile

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5
Q

estates: estate system

A

feudalism; required peasants to work land leased to them by nobles in exchange for military protection

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6
Q

Gini coefficient

A

a number, typically scaled 0-100, that represents the inequality in the distribution of x.

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7
Q

Gini coefficient of U.S. wealth inequality

A

87+

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8
Q

poverty

A

cost of “economy diet” times three.

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9
Q

poverty line

A

around 10K for one person, 20K for family of four

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10
Q

amount of U.S. citizens in poverty

A

1 out of every 9 people

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11
Q

absolute poverty

A

minimum level of subsistence that no family should live below

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12
Q

relative poverty

A

floating standard by which people at the bottom of a society are judged as being disadvantaged in comparison to the nation as a whole

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13
Q

social mobility

A

movement of individuals or groups from one position in a society’s stratification system to another

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14
Q

open and closed stratified systems

A

indicate the amount of social mobility in a society

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15
Q

open stratification system

A

position of each individual influenced by the person’s achieved position

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16
Q

closed stratification system

A

allows little or no possibility of moving up

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17
Q

racial group

A

set apart from others because of obvious physical differences

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18
Q

ethnic group

A

set apart from others because of national origin or cultural patterns

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19
Q

minority groups

A

set apart from others because of less power and/or smaller numbers

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20
Q

biological insignificance of race

A

there are no “pure races”
lots of mixing
we’re all 99.9% same genetically

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21
Q

social construction of race

A

process whereby people define a group as “race” on physical features despite the fact that there is little biological basis

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22
Q

ethnicity basis in national origin, culture

A
  • national origin matters but some gray area
  • culture can include many things
    (e. g. foods, festivals, religious background, etc.)
23
Q

ethnicity as a category

A

sometimes ambiguous but less problematic than race, which can more readily lead to mistreatment

24
Q

sterotype

A

unreliable generalization about all members of group

25
Q

prejudice

A

negative attitude toward an entire category of people

26
Q

ethnocentrism

A

tendency to assume that one’s culture and way of life are superior

27
Q

racism

A

belief that one race is supreme and all others are innately inferior

28
Q

glass ceiling

A

inferior barrier blocking promotion of qualified individuals in work environment because of gender, race, or ethnicity

29
Q

sex

A

the biological characteristics that distinguish male and female

30
Q

gender

A

the social and cultural characteristics that distinguish men and women

31
Q

sex a little fluid

A

e.g. intersexuals- people born w/ ambiguous sex organs, sex reassignment surgery

32
Q

gender is more fluid

A

e.g. transgender, role-changing

33
Q

women earn less money than men

A

women earn .75 for every $1 men earn

34
Q

the “second shift”

A

double burden that working women face- work outside the home followed by child care and housework- and which few men share equitably

35
Q

how many hours a week do women spend in leisure time

A

women spend 15 fewer hours each week in leisure activities than their husbands

36
Q

The functionalist view

expressiveness

A

concern for maintenance of harmony and internal emotional affairs of family

37
Q

The functionalist view

Instrumentality

A

emphasis on tasks , a focus on more distant goals, and concern for external relationship between one’s family and other social institutions

38
Q

The Conflict Response

Relationship between men and women

A

-The relationship between men and women, traditionally one of unequal power

39
Q

The conflict response

Men

A

-Men in dominant position over women

40
Q

the conflict response

Gender differences

A

-Gender differences result of subjugation of women by men

41
Q

The Feminist Perspective

private property

A

Women’s subjugation coincided with rise of private property during industrialization

42
Q

The Feminist Perspective

Male-dominated Societies

A

oppression of women inevitable in male-dominated societies

43
Q

The Feminist Perspective

U.S. Male Dominance

A

in U.S. male dominance goes far beyond economic sphere

44
Q

The Interactionist Approach

A

study micro level of everyday behavior

45
Q

men are more likely than women to

A
  • change topics of conversation
  • ignore topics chosen by women
  • minimize the ideas of women
  • interrupt women
46
Q

power

A

the ability to exercise will over others

47
Q

Lukes on Power

A

argues power is also ability to set up rules or even shape someone’s wants

48
Q

sources of power in political systems include

A

force (coercion)

Influence (persuasion)

49
Q

Weber’s Types of Authority

Traditional Authority

A

legitimate power is conferred by custom and accepted practice

50
Q

Weber’s Types of Authority

Legal-Rational Authority

A

power is made legitimate by law

51
Q

Weber’s Types of Authority Charismatic Authority

A

power is made legitimate by leader’s exceptional personal appeal

52
Q

Power Elite Models

Mills’ Models

A
  • described a small ruling elite of military, industrial, and governmental leaders
  • power rested in the hands of a few, inside and outside of government… the power of elite
53
Q

Power Elite Models

Domhoff’s Model

A

stresses roles played by elites of corporate community and leaders of policy-formation organizations such as:
-chambers of commerce

54
Q

Pluralist Model

A

many conflicting groups within the community have access to government, and no single group is dominant
- A variety of groups play significant role in decision making

Sociology 101 (2 decks)

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