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Embalming > Test 3 > Flashcards

Test 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Embalming is an _______, not a science

A

art form

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2
Q

The Six Sciences that Embalming is based off of

A

1) Biological Chemistry, 2) Anatomy, 3) Pathology, 4) Microbiology, 5) Restorative Art, 6) Embalming Technique

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3
Q

The illusions–hopefully pleasant ones– that the embalmer creates that banish traces of death and grief and present the deceased in an attitude of normal restful sleep.

A

memory picture

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4
Q

what does the embalming process accomplish?

A

1) retard tissue decomposition for a reasonable period of time, but not forever.
2) at best, keeps remains intact for many years, but eventually they will turn to dust
3) serve the living of our time, not create museum specimens
4) clean process of oxidation and dissolutions of the remains in to dust by eliminating the putrefactive or rotting stage
5) Embalming preservation is only temporary. For a mortician to tell a family that embalming guarantees preservation forever is a fraud.

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5
Q

Airtight/watertight outside enclosures will accomplish protection against moisture and air which carry ______ bacteria that cause decay

A

aerobic

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6
Q

Aerobic bacteria thrive in presence of

A

oxygen

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7
Q

airtight/watertight outside enclosures will NOT accomplish protection against _______ bacteria that may cause embalmed remains to go into putrefaction.

A

anaerobic

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8
Q

deliberate deception for unfair or unlawful gain

A

Fraud

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9
Q

The unembalmed body tissues are filled with ____________ which are very susceptible to decomp

A

Soluble Albumins

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10
Q

Properly embalming turns soluble albumins into ___________

A

Insoluble albuminoids

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11
Q

How is the temporary embalming process accomplished?

A

1) through saturation of body tissues w/ preservative fluids which act as a vector or carrier of gases that enter tissue cell proteins
2) It is the gas that is liberated from these fluids that causes chemical fixation of tissue cell proteins
3) process in which protein is altered so that it is no longer a suitable medium for bacterial growth
4) Degree or length of preservation will depend on two related factors : the degree of tissue saturation, and the degree of control of bacteria growth.

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12
Q

process of chemically treating the dead human body to reduce presence and growth of microorganisms to temporarily inhibit organic decomp and to restore an acceptable appearnance

A

Embalming

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13
Q

Four Classifications of Embalming

A

1) Cavity Embalming
2) Hypodermic Embalming
3) Surface Embalming
4) Vascular (Arterial) Embalming

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14
Q

Two kinds of embalming

A

1) Cavity Embalming

2) Vascular (Arterial) Embalming

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15
Q

Two kinds of Supplemental Embalming

A

1) Hypodermic Embalming

2) Surface Embalming

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16
Q

Direct treatment–other than vascular embalming–of the contents of the body cavities and the lumina of the hollow viscera; usually accomplished by aspiration and then injection of chemicals using a trocar

A

Cavity embalming

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17
Q

Use of vascular systems of the body for preservation, disinfection and restoration; usually accomplished by injection of embalming solutions into arteries and drainage from the veins.

A

Vascular (arterial) embalming

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18
Q

Injection of embalming chemicals directly into tissues through the use of a syringe and needle or a trocar

A

Hypodermic embalming

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19
Q

Kubler Ross’s five stages of dying

A

1) denial
2) anger
3) bargaining
4) depression
5) acceptance

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20
Q

to maintain highest moral standards

A

1) keep body covered as practical. Clean white sheet
2) take no liberties whatsoever
3) Guard against loose talk and remarks
4) repeat nothing outside of preparation room
5) disclosed no confidential facts as to conditions, age, deformities or diseases causing death

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21
Q

Disposition of human remains reflected 19th century laws based on sanitation and moral codes

A

1) that a dead human body not endanger the health and well-being of the general public
2) that such a dead human body not cause a public nuisance
3) that there will not be seepage, leakage or the escape of noxious odors and gas while transporting a dead human body
4) that such a dead human body be transported and disposed of in a morally dignified manner according to the wishes of the person holding the primary right of disposition

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22
Q

Why must the funeral practitioner respect the dead?

A

1) The deceased can no longer demand it themselves
2) for the sake of the profession; if anyone related to funeral service; mortician, crematory operator, cemetery employee etc. will reflect negatively on the entire profession
3) The golden rule; treat the deceased how you want your loved one treated

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23
Q

What is the purpose of embalming?

A

1) sanitation and disinfection; the destruction of most microbes and their ability to reproduce
2) temporary preservation; to allow the family time to gather, have an open casket visitation, and funeral
3) memory picture; most people agree that an embalmed body appears nicer than an unembalmed body

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24
Q

Who has the primary rate of disposition of the deceased in Maryland? In order..

A

1) spouse
2) adult children, Majority Rules
3) parents
4) adult siblings, majority rules

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25
Q

Postmortem changes of the eye

A
  • clouding of the cornea
  • loss of luster of the conjunctiva
  • “cupping” of the eyeball
  • pupil dilation
  • no muscle response to light
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26
Q

Three types of disinfection

A

1) primary disinfection: carried out prior to embalming
2) concurrent disinfection: practices carried out during embalming process
3) terminal disinfection: institution of disinfection and decontamination measured after the preparation of remains

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27
Q

Stages of death

A

1) Agonal Period: period immediately before somatic death
2) Clinical Death: phase of somatic death lasting from 5-6 minutes during which life may be restored
3) Brain Death
4) Biological Death: death of the individual cells of the body
5) Somatic Death: death of the organism as a whole.

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28
Q

Types of tissue and how long they live after clinical death

A

1) brain and nervous system cells: 5-6 minutes
2) muscle cells: 3 hours
3) cornea: 6 hours
4) Blood cells: 6 hours

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29
Q

Early signs of death

A

1) cessation of circulation
2) cessation of respiration
3) pallor of the skin
4) complete muscular relaxation
5) contact flattening and or pallor of the tissues in direct contact with an object

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30
Q

Autolysis

A

Self digestion by its own enzymes (acid hydrolysis)

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31
Q

Bacterial putrefaction

A

The destruction of the body by anaerobic bacteria

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32
Q

Fermentation

A

Breakdown of carbohydrates

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33
Q

Oxidation

A

Decomposition of the body in oxygen

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34
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Decomposition of the body by water or liquids (carbonic acid)

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35
Q

Bacterial decay

A

Decomposition of the body by aerobic bacteria

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36
Q

Saccharolysis

A

Breakdown of bodily sugars

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37
Q

Hemolysis

A

Destruction of red blood cells that liberates hemoglobin

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38
Q

Proteolysis

A

Destruction of proteins

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39
Q

Lipolysis

A

Destruction of lipids

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40
Q

Chemically injecting disinfectant into the blood vascular system followed by direct treatment of the entire viscera contained in the body cavities

A

Legal definition of embalming

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41
Q

Primary right of disposition – (PRD) in order

A
  • spouse or domestic partner
  • adult children (majority)
  • parents (both)
  • siblings (majority)
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42
Q

Three primary objectives of contemporary embalming

A

1) sanitation and disinfection
2) temporary preservation
3) restoration

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43
Q

Identification makes sense professionally, practically illegally for the following reasons

A

1) certifies that this is the right person beyond any doubt
2) underscores the professional responsibilities we assume in providing disposition
3) stresses the irreversibility of the cremation process
4) facilitates the process of grieving
5) serves as a preventative mental health measure for the bereaved

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44
Q

Line of Eye closure

A

Inferior 1/3, superior 2/3

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45
Q

Refrigeration of the body must be at_______ degrees for a funeral home and_______ degrees for a cremation

A

44, 40

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46
Q

Procurement

A

Taking organs from the deceased

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47
Q

Bodies must be embalmed with in 48 hours of

A

The time of death

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48
Q

Maryland requires_______hours to designate the body as abandoned

A

72

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49
Q

Personal environmental hygiene

A

Sanitization

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50
Q

After death the body and its immediate environment are

A

Unsanitary

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51
Q

Purpose of sanitation and disinfection

A

1) protect the public
2) protect the operator
3) create a clean, sanitary body for transportation and funeralization
4) protect the environment

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52
Q

Proper disposition of clothing

A

1) launder and return to family

2) destroy after proper authorization

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53
Q

Minimum parking lot size for a funeral home should be

A

25 parking spaces per visitation room

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54
Q

Minimum size of visitation room

A

300 sq ft

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55
Q

Minimum size of embalming room

A

120 sq ft

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56
Q

The father of microbiology, discovered the existence of microorganisms

A

Anthony Van Leewenhoek

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57
Q

Observed the association between microorganisms disease and decomposition

A

Louis Pasteur

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58
Q

Nontoxic disinfectant suitable for use on animal tissue

A

Antiseptic

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59
Q

Freedom from infection and any form of life – sterility

A

Asepsis

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60
Q

An Agonal bacterial invasion of the body, usually by the putrefactive bacteria, usually confined to the colon, migrating into the blood vascular and skeleton system

A

Bacteremia

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61
Q

Destructive to bacteria

A

Bactericidal

62
Q

Destruction of bacteria by action of certain chemical substances

A

Bacteriolysis

63
Q

Agent that has the ability to inhibit or retard bacterial growth; no destruction of viability of the microorganism is implied

A

Bacteriostatic agent

64
Q

Removal of infectious agents by scrubbing and washing, as with hot water, soap, or suitable detergent

A

Cleaning

65
Q

An agent, usually chemical, apply to inanimate objects or services for the purpose of destroying disease causing microbial agents, but usually not bacterial spores

A

Disinfectant

66
Q

The destruction and or inhibition of most pathogenic organisms and their products in or on the body

A

Disinfection

67
Q

An agent, usually chemical, applied either to inanimate objects or surfaces, or living tissues for the purpose of destroying disease causing microbial agents, but usually not bacterial spores

A

Germicide

68
Q

An agent, usually chemical, that possesses disinfecting properties when applied to a precleaned object or surface

A

Sanitizer

69
Q

A process that renders a substance free of all microorganisms

A

Sterilization

70
Q

Formulated by the action of pure phenol on pure cultures of bacillus typhosus or other similar bacteria. The relative germicidal value of other disinfectants is determined by comparing their germ killing power with that of phenol under identical conditions

A

Phenol coefficient

71
Q

The phenol coefficient is

A

1.0

72
Q

phenol

  • cresol
  • Lysol
  • formalin
  • chlorine gas
  • chlorinated lime
  • sodium hypochlorate
  • ethyl alcohol
  • bichloride or Mercury
  • gluteraldehyde
  • stabilized hydrogen peroxide
  • iodophors
  • iodine
  • Quaternary Ammonum compounds
A

Disinfectants

73
Q

The process in which a gaseous agent is used to destroy rodents and insects

A

Fumigation

74
Q

Common fumigants

A
  • Hydrogen cyanide
  • sulfur dioxide
  • HCHO gas (formaldehyde gas)
75
Q

Common larvacides

A
  • malathion
  • diazinon
  • chlordane
76
Q

A chemical agent capable of destroying saprophytic or pathogenic fungi such as mold

A

Fungicide

77
Q

A poor, almost useless fungicidal agent

A

Formaldehyde

78
Q

A very good fungicidal agent

A

Phenol

79
Q

Most common troublesome molds that the embalmer must face

A
  • mucor
  • aspergillis
  • penicillium
80
Q

Fungicides most commonly used by embalmers

A
  • carbolated Vaseline

- paradichlorobenzene (phenol)

81
Q

Substance able to destroy lice

A

Pediculicide

82
Q

An agent destructive to adult forms of insect life; same chemicals as Larvicide

A

Pesticide or insecticide

83
Q

The metabolic entity of growth, reproduction and locomotion

A

Life

84
Q

Tripod of life

A

Heart, lungs, brain

85
Q

Irreversible, total cessation of metabolic activity

A

Death

86
Q

Anything ending in -ENE is a

A

Phenol

87
Q

Anything ending in an -OL is

A

Alcohol

88
Q

Anything ending in an -AL is

A

Formaldehyde

89
Q

Death of certain groups of cells and their subsequent replacement by new cells in the normal course of bodily activities; physiological

A

Necrobiosis

90
Q

The pathological death of certain cells or tissues of a still living body

A

Necrosis

91
Q

Example of necrosis

A

gangrene

92
Q

Antemortem cellular death

A

Gangrene

93
Q

Gas gangrene=

A

Life

94
Q

Tissue Gas aka post mortem emphysema=

A

Death

95
Q

Gas gangrene is caused by

A

Clostridium perfringen (bacillus welshii)

96
Q

The founder of clostridium perfringen

A

William Henry Welsh

97
Q

Result of a blockage or a degenerative condition of the arteries aka ischemic necrosis

A

Dry gangrene

98
Q

The result of a blockage or a degenerative condition of the veins

A

Wet gangrene

99
Q

_____________ is used on bodies with dry gangrene

A

Embalming powder

100
Q

____________ is used on bodies with wet gangrene

A

Hardening compound

101
Q

Subcutaneous emphysema

A

Excess air under the skin; no bacteria involved

102
Q

The antemortem development of a bed sore into necrotic tissue which may become fatal

A

Decubitus ulcer

103
Q

The period just prior to death, also called the dying period or the Agonal period

A

Moribund

104
Q

A noise made by a moribund person which is caused by air passing through a residue of mucus in the trachea and the posterior oral cavity.

A

Death rattle

105
Q

Semi-convulsive twitches which often occur before death; it is caused by the death of the nervous system.

A

Death struggle

106
Q

Aka cadaveric spasm, the last act in life is preserved in death (anything involving sudden or over production of sarcolactic acid)

A

Instantaneous rigor mortis

107
Q

The condition in which the manifestations of life are feebily maintained

A

Apparent death

108
Q

Temporary condition of apparent death with cessation of respiration

A

Suspended animation

109
Q

Condition in which there is a waxy rigidity of the body and the vital phenomena of life are feebily maintained. Body does not respond to stimuli

A

Catalepsy

110
Q

The body of a deceased human being including the cremated remains

A

Human remains

111
Q

Dead human body preserved and especially used for dissection (medical)

A

Cadaver

112
Q

Slang term for “cremated remains”, those elements remaining following the cremation of the body.

A

Cremains

113
Q

The study of death

A

Thanatology

114
Q

Death of the whole organism. Specifically death of the heart, brain and lungs.

A

Somatic death

115
Q

You will find:

  • Heart contracted and empty vascular breakdown with probable ruptured aneurysm,
  • no blood discolorations on the surface indicating massive internal hemorrhage .
A

Syncope by anemia

116
Q

You will find:

  • blood stopped in its course and found to be plentiful in. Oth arteries and veins
  • numerous Agonal clots
  • vascular system still intact
A

Syncope by asthenia

117
Q

You will find:

  • blood in arteries of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges
  • distention and discoloration of eyelids
  • possible gas in the cranium due to putrefaction
  • rapid migration of organisms causing early decomposition
A

Coma

118
Q

To embalm a coma case, you use

A

The restricted cervical method

119
Q

Bulging eyeballs mean

A

Cranial decomposition

120
Q

Head freeze aka

A

Instant tissue fixation

121
Q

In these two cases you must NEVER aspirate the brain

A

1) meningitis

2) Creutzfeldt-Jacob Disease

122
Q

You will find:

  • main arteries and veins empty
  • cyanosis of body surface
  • blood discoloration (dark purple except for drowning and carbon monoxide poison cases)
A

Asphyxia

123
Q

Regardless of the basic cause of somatic death, the final cause of death is always

A

Oxygen starvation

124
Q

Cellular death is also known as

A

Molecular death

125
Q

Postmortem cellular death will alway follow

A

Somatic death

126
Q

Later signs of death occurring during the first several hours

A
  • algor mortis-post mortem cooling
  • rigor mortis- post mortem stiffening
  • livor mortis (post mortem lividity, cadaveric lividity)
  • general decomposition- the only positive sign of death
127
Q

Those manifestations of death by which we may recognize its presence in the body

A

Signs of death

128
Q

Signs of death

A

1) cessation of respiration

2) cessation of circulation

129
Q

The movement of blood from the heart and arteries into the capillaries and veins which occurs at the moment of death

A

Articulo mortis

130
Q

The first stage of rigor mortis, happens immediately after death

A

Primary flaccidity

131
Q

“Expression of, look of death” – these are facial changes that are associated with death, such as the expression of slackness in the eyes, the mouth opens and the jaw drops back. The lips are dry and shrunken and the facial lines are accentuated

A

Facies-hypocratica

132
Q

Post mortem cooling of the body to the surrounding environmental temperature

A

Algor mortis

133
Q

Aka cadaveric rigidity, postmortem temporary stiffening of the voluntary and involuntary muscles as a result of chemical changes in the dead body

A

Rigor mortis

134
Q

The postmortem gravitation of the blood into all the dependent areas of the body

A

Livor Mortis

135
Q

Aka laking, postmortem condition in which congested blood undergoes a change in which the hemoglobin separates from the red blood cells and passes through the capillary walls into the tissues

A

Postmortem stain (hemolysis)

136
Q

How does the embalmer tell the difference between postmortem stain in the Livor mortis?

A

By pressing your finger on the discolored area. If the area lightens in intensity it is livor mortis. If there is no change it is postmortem stain

137
Q

Livor mortis Will always occur before

A

Postmortem stain

138
Q

Agonal state

A

The period immediately preceding death.

139
Q

Bodily changes that occur in three overlapping stages

A

1) antemortem
2) Agonal
3) postmortem

140
Q

The agonal state has been determined to have six changes

A

1) thermal change
2) blood change
3) moisture change
4) bacterial translocation
5) gas in tissue
6) therapeutic agents

141
Q

Agonal algor

A

Marked by a decrease in recorded body temperature; noted in senile patients

142
Q

The cause of body temperature to drop is

A
  • A progressive reduction in the rate of metabolism

- A general slowing of the blood circulation

143
Q

Agonal fever

A

Marked by an increase of recorded body temperature

144
Q

The cause of the temperature rise is

A
  • highly infectious diseases
  • poisons and toxemia
  • Progressive increase in the rate of bacterial and/or chemical action in the tissues
145
Q

Agonal hypostasis

A

Settling of blood to the Dependant parts of the body just prior to death

146
Q

The settling out of blood cells, particularly the white corpuscles. The result is the formation of long, tough, laminated clots

A

Agonal coagulation

147
Q

Out pouring of lymph into the peritoneal cavity

A

Agonal exudation

148
Q

The escape of blood serum from an intravascular to an extravascular location, caused by prolonged venous and capillary congestion

A

Agonal edema

149
Q

Bacterial infiltration and growth from the intestinal tract to the vascular and skeletal systems causing capillary permeability changes. It has been proven that the anaerobic spore forming bacilli have reached the chambers of the heart from the colon with in an hour of death

A

Bacterial translocation (Agonal bacteremia)

150
Q

The crackling sensation produced when gases trapped in tissue are palpated. Common to both subcutaneous emphysema and gas gangrene.

A

Crepitation

151
Q

Any of a variety of substances both natural and synthetic that inhibit growth of or destroy microorganisms

A

Antibiotics

152
Q

A nerve or drug which dilates the blood vessels actually causing complete relaxation of the blood vessels

A

Vasodilator

Embalming (7 decks)

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