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BCMB 3100 > Test 3 > Flashcards

Test 3 Flashcards

1
Q

pathogen that’s an ex of antigenic variation

A

influenza virus

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2
Q

application of medical/red biotechnology

A

microbe is used as host for making recombinant human protein

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3
Q

metagenomics

A

process where DNA is extracted from the whole environmental sample and is used to construct a genomic library; they are identified, screened, and compared to others; mainly analyze 16S rRNA because they are domain specific; it is very energy intensive and we can understand what the community is made of without any culturing

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4
Q

difference between fed-batch reactors and chemostats

A

fed batch: nutrients are added all at the beginning, then it’s all harvested at the end; grow bacteria til it’s in log phase then harvest entire batch (all in all out)
chemostat: medium is continuously added and continuously drained out; continuous harvesting; keeps it at one phase

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5
Q

99% organisms or culturable in the lab: T/F?

A

F

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6
Q

PHA/PHB can be produced using photosynthetic organisms, so in order to use photosynthetic organisms to produce PHB, what is absolutely required of the fermenter?

A

ample amounts of carbon and limiting amounts of other nutrients such as phosphorous

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7
Q

if plant can’t get DNA from Agrobacterium, how else can DNA be transplanted into the plant?

A

gene gun to insert the DNA thru the cell wall (biolistics)

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8
Q

niche and role of virus in the ocean

A

causes viral lysis of phytoplankton releasing nutrients for heterotrophic microbes below the water; they are an essential component of the microbial loop; mainly found in the photic zone where phytoplankton are also found

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9
Q

where does chemolithoautotroph in the deep subsurface get their carbon from?

A

hydrothermal vents which have underwater volcanic activity that releases minerals; they are the communities powered by geothermal energy; also found on hotter acidic springs

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10
Q

the dead zone of most eukaryotes result from:

A

microbes “bloom” and use up the available O2, quickly leading to the anoxic water states, which causes death of higher up eukaryotes

  • phytoplankton proliferate and the heterotrophic microbes and zooplankton feed on the phytoplankton
  • eutrification
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11
Q

in the surface zone/photic zone, primary production is what and thru what?

A

photosynthesis thru cyanobacteria

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12
Q

area of soil immediately surrounding plant roots:

A

rhizosphere

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13
Q

how to use hurdle technology to prevent food spoilage

A

use multiple levels of antimicrobial control in food as they work synergistically and give better overall protection

ex: milk pasteurization and cold storage
ketchup: high salt and low pH
salads: modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) and refrigeration

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14
Q

what is true of food fermentation? something about cheese production

A
  • acids that LAB produce coagulate casein proteins found in milk
  • the liquid can thicken for yogurt production
  • the solids (curds) may separate from the liquid whey and form into large solid masses
  • unripened loose cheese: curd is not separated from whey
  • brie cheese: curd is cut and allowed to shrink; creamy and soft-ripened
  • blue cheese and cheddar cheese: whey is drained, curd is cut and shrunk, ripening process further ferments it; hard ripened and aged
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15
Q

what is responsible for holes in swiss cheese?

A

CO2 production during fermentation from yeast

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16
Q

wastewater pre- treatment

A

physical removal of large objects thru straining

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17
Q

wastewater primary treatment

A
  • physical removal of sediments and grease that form primary sludge
  • skimmers remove the sludge
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18
Q

wastewater 2ndary treatment

A

uses trickling filter and activated sludge unit to form complex biofilms that break down organic compounds over time; using microbes to clean water

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19
Q

wastewater tertiary treatment

A

not always used

filtration or reverse osmosis is used to increase clarity of water and reduce metal content

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20
Q

disinfection in wastewater treatment

A
  • quaternary treatment
  • chlorination
  • UV light exposure
  • ozonation
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21
Q

example of emerging disease

A

ebola

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22
Q

morbidity rate

A

rate of disease in a population

  • she changed it though to being described by incidence and prevalence
  • incidence: number of new cases appearing in a population during a specific time period; may change with seasons or population immune status
  • prevalence: total number of cases in a population at a particular time ; usually higher than incidence
23
Q

mortality rate

A

rate of death by disease

24
Q

epidemic

A

incidence of disease rises significantly above the normal expected value

  • seasonal
  • spatial
  • common source
  • propagated
    ex: seasonal flu
25
Q

outbreak

A

unexpected cluster of cases in a short time in a localized population; smaller than epidemic but could develop into an epidemic
ex: ebola

26
Q

pandemic

A

global epidemic

ex: plague, small pox, AIDS, cholera, swine flu

27
Q

lack of death from disease increases ___

A

prevalence rate

28
Q

what determine the host range

A

pathogen’s ability to attach

29
Q

measles transmitted from mom to 3 month baby

A

Horizontal transmission

30
Q

Koch’s postulate limitations

A
  • asymptomatic carriers

- not all people exhibit the same degree of infection or may not have any degree at all due to receptors

31
Q

Koch’s postulates

A
  1. microbe is identified in every person with disease, but not those without illness
  2. pure culture of microbe is attained
  3. inoculation of microbe in healthy host causes illness
  4. microbe is recovered from inoculated host
32
Q

Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE)

A

culture independent
separates DNA from environmental sample following fragmentation; can show big diff in DNA sequences without identifying each base; gradient is based on charge

33
Q

Direct sequencing

A

culture independent
use PCR to read DNA fractions; use primers and sequence their 16S rRNA to identify cultures; each nucleotide is bound to a diff dye

34
Q

enrichment culture

A

culture dependent

promotes growth of desired microbes over undesired cells

35
Q

FISH

A

culture independent

labeled oligonucleotide probes to bind to specific DNA/RNA in a mixed population of cells

36
Q

flow cytometry

A

culture independent
-detection of labeled cells in a mixed population by passing them thru a laser and detecting light emitted and sorted according to their chare

37
Q

metagenomics

A

culture independent

-DNA from whole environment sample is used to construct genomic library; used to understand what community is made up of

38
Q

winogradsky column

A

culture dependent; pond water in tube forms gradient from aerobic to anaerobic; different microbes flourish in diff areas of the column that correspond to diff nutritional microenvironments

39
Q

bioaugmentation

A

adding specific degrading microbe to environment

ex: CP throwing oil eating bacteria into ocean

40
Q

biostimulation

A

adding missing nutrient to promote microbe growth

41
Q

cometabolism

A

addition of nutrient that stimulates broad substrate-range degradation pathway

42
Q

chemolithoautotroph

A

responsible for primary production of organic compound; utilizes chemical and inorganic compounds as their electron and carbon source

43
Q

OTU

A

organism share 97% of their ssu rRNA gene sequence

44
Q

piezophile

A

capable of growth in high pressure

ex: deep sea levels

45
Q

xenobiotics

A

chemical not found in nature and is difficult to degrade

46
Q

how do bacteria get inside plant cell? spinach has been contaminated with E. coli; what can you do to better it?

A

bacteria can get into plant cells when their cell wall gets injured; thru insect bite; we can reduce them thru irradiation from UV rays, which only penetrates outer surface

47
Q

indirect contact

A

getting sick by touching a lab coat or any other fomite

measles

48
Q

aerosol

A

thru air or from someone coughing as bacteria travel from lungs to air
common cold

49
Q

zoonotic

A

rabies; transmitted by animal

50
Q

vertical disease transmission

A

HIV, toxoplasmosis, chickenpox

51
Q

fecal oral

A

getting sick by bad hygiene

salmonella

52
Q

how to transfer a plasmid to a specific target cell?

A

transformation
transduction
conjugation

53
Q

2ndary metabolite

A

antibiotic

they are only produced during stationary phase because they aren’t necessary for growth of bacteria

54
Q

if you want to keep the shape and taste of a strawberry, what would you do?

A

irradiate

BCMB 3100 (7 decks)

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