Test 3 Flashcards
According to the expectancy theory, __________ affect the conscious choices that people make about their motivation.
valence, expectancy, and instrumentality
On the basis of research evidence, the two basic needs categories are:
higher-order and lower-order needs
To use expectancy theory to motivate employees, managers can
systematically gather information to find out what employees want from their jobs
__________ strengthen behavior (i.e., increase its frequency).
Positive and negative reinforcement
Which of the following statements about goal-setting theory is true?
Goals can energize behavior.
According to the text, ____ is the set of forces that initiates, directs, and makes people persist in their efforts to accomplish a goal.
motivation
According to some industrial psychologists, ____ is a function of motivation times ability times situational constraints.
job performance
McClellend’s Learned Needs Theory identifies three needs. They are the needs for ____.
power, achievement, and affiliation
On the basis of research evidence, the two basic needs categories are ____.
higher-order and lower-order needs
According to Alderfer’s ERG theory, the lowest-order need is ____.
existence
According to the model of need satisfaction, an unsatisfied need produces ____.
tension
Which of the following statements about needs is true?
Higher-order needs will generally not motivate people as long as lower-order needs remain unsatisfied.
Extrinsic rewards are ____.
exemplified by bonuses, trophies, and plaques
Which of the following is an example of an intrinsic reward?
a sense of achievement
According to ____, people will be motivated when they perceive they are being treated fairly.
equity theory
The two basic kinds of inequity are ____.
underreward and overreward
In equity theory, ____ are others with whom people compare themselves to determine if they have been treated fairly.
referents
According to the motivational model presented in the text, perceived inequity directly affects ____.
satisfaction
How do employees try to restore equity when they perceive that they have been treated unfairly?
by doing any of these
In equity theory, ____ refers to the fairness of the process used to make reward allocation decisions.
procedural justice
Reinforcement theory says behavior is a function of ____.
its consequences
____ is the process of changing behavior by changing the consequences that follow behavior.
Reinforcement
The two parts of reinforcement are ____.
reinforcement contingencies and schedules of reinforcement
Which of the following is also called avoidance learning?
negative reinforcement
Because workplace injuries cost U.S. businesses $1 billion every week, increased safety compliance needs to become a practice, not just a theory. The goal of developing safety consciousness within the workforce requires continuous reinforcement at every organizational level. This means ____.
a consequence must be delivered following every instance of behavior
Which of the following is a category of reinforcement schedules?
variable interval
For punishment to work (i.e., to weaken the frequency of undesirable behaviors without creating a backlash), the punishment must be strong enough to stop the undesired behavior and must be administered ____.
consistently, contingently, and quickly
A ____ is a target, objective, or result.
goal
Managers who use goal-setting theory to motivate employees should ____.
make sure workers truly accept organizational goals
Feedback can lead to stronger motivation and effort if it _____
encourages employees to set higher, more difficult goals after the initial goals are accomplished
Research at three universities has confirmed that two basic leader behaviors, ______ and ______, are central to successful leadership.
initiating structure; consideration
Which of the following is the best leadership style for all situations?
none of these
Fiedlers contingency theory assumes:
leaders are effective when their work groups perform well
The most important situational factor in Fieldler’s Contingency Theory is:
Leader-member relations
Which of the following approaches to implementing Fiedler’s contingency theory in the workplace has proven effective?
accurately measuring and matching leaders to situations
Which of the following is NOT one of the four leadership styles identified in the path-goal theory of leadership?
charismatic
According to the path-goal theory of leadership, __________ means setting challenging goals, having high expectations of employees, and displaying confidence that employees will assume responsibility and put forth extraordinary effort.
achievement-oriented leadership
The Vroom-Yetton-Jago Model is another name for the:
normative decision theory
Transactional leaders:
reward followers for good behavior and punish followers for poor behavior
____is the process of influencing others to achieve group or organizational goals.
leadership
Which of the following statements about leaders and managers is true?
Organizations need both leaders and managers.
Relatively stable characteristics such as abilities, psychological motives, or consistent patterns of behavior, form the basis for the ____ of leadership.
trait theory
Which one of the following traits refers to high levels of effort and is characterized by achievement, motivation, ambition, energy, tenacity, and initiative?
Drive
Successful business leaders are not like other people. Successful business leaders ____.
are accurately described by all of these
Which of the following is another term for considerate leadership behavior?
employee-centered leadership
Research shows that while initiating structure impacts primarily on ____, consideration impacts primarily on ____.
job performance; job satisfaction
Which of the following statements about the two basic leader behaviors that are central to successful leadership is true?
These behaviors are referred to as initiating structure and consideration.
Which of the following is an example of a situational theory of leadership?
Fiedler’s contingency theory
Which of the following leadership theories assumes that leadership styles are consistent and difficult to change?
none of these
In Fiedler’s contingency theory, the term ____ refers to the degree to which leaders are able to hire, fire, reward, and punish workers.
position power
In Fiedler’s contingency theory, the term ____ refers to the degree to which a particular situation either permits or denies a leader the chance to influence the behavior of group members.
situational favorableness
Which of the following approaches to implementing Fiedler’s contingency theory in the workplace has proven effective?
accurately measuring and matching leaders to situations
Which of the following is an example of an environmental contingency in path-goal theory?
task structure
According to the path-goal theory, which of the following is an example of an environmental contingency?
the formal authority system
The normative decision theory ____.
helps managers determine how much employee participation should be used in decision making
The two types of visionary leadership are ____.
charismatic leadership and transformational leadership
____ refers to the behavioral tendencies and personal characteristics of leaders that create an exceptionally strong relationship between them and their followers.
Charismatic leadership
Charismatic leaders generally ____.
articulate a vision based on strongly held values
Transformational leaders ____.
are accurately described by all of these
Transactional leaders ____.
reward followers for good behavior and punish followers for poor behavior
The steps of the basic perception process are:
Attention, organization, interpretation, and retention
In the model of the communication process, __________ makes senders aware of possible miscommunications and enables them to continue communicating until the receiver understands the intended message.
Feedback to sender
The three formal communication channels in organizations are categorized as:
downward, horizontal, and upward
In the __________ type of grapevine communication network, one “highly connected” individual shares information with many other managers and workers.
gossip chain
__________ is the withholding of information about organizational problems or issues by employees.
Organizational silence
One of the best ways for top managers to hear what others feel and think is through:
frequent informal meetings
The first thing that managers need to recognize when communicating feedback one-on-one to employees is that feedback can be:
constructive or destructive
Which of the following statements about perception and perceptual filters is true?
People perceive according to personality-, psychology-, and experience-based filters.
____ is the process by which individuals attend to, organize, interpret, and retain information from their environments.
Perception
Perceptual filters may occur as the result of ____.
personality-based differences
____ is the tendency to fill in gaps of missing information by assuming that what we don’t know is consistent with what we already know.
Closure
____ is the tendency to notice and accept objects and information consistent with our values, beliefs, and expectations while ignoring, screening out, or not accepting inconsistent information.
Selective perception
According to attribution theory, ____ makes managers more likely to attribute workers’ problems or failures to internal rather than external causes.
the fundamental attribution error
According to attribution theory, we use two general reasons or attributions to explain people’s behavior. They are ____.
internal and external attributions
The ____ states that we all have a basic need to understand and explain the causes of other people’s behavior.
attribution theory
Someone experiencing a(n) ____ would be likely to take any negative criticism of his or her department personally.
self-serving bias
When things go wrong in the workplace, workers are more likely to attribute their problems to ____, while managers are more likely to attribute those same workers’ problems to ____.
external causes; internal causes
____ is the tendency to overestimate our value by attributing successes to ourselves (internal causes) and attributing failures to others or the environment (external causes).
A self-serving bias
Noise can occur when ____.
any of these occur
Which of the following statements about informal communication in organizations is true?
Information carried by informal communication channels is estimated to be 75 to 95 percent accurate.
The two primary types of grapevine communications networks are ____.
cluster and gossip
Coaching is ____.
a kind of one-on-one communication primarily used by managers to improve an employee’s on-the-job performance or behavior
Managers generally like and use____ but are less receptive to using ____.
oral communication; written communication
Which of the following is one of the primary tasks faced by managers who want to improve organizational communication?
managing organization-wide communication
Which of the following statements about hearing and listening are true?
Hearing is the act of perceiving sounds, while listening is the act of making a conscious effort to hear.
____ is a technique of assuming half the responsibility for successful communication by actively giving the speaker nonjudgmental feedback that shows you’ve accurately heard what he or she said.
Active listening
In empathetic listening, ____ is important because it demonstrates that you understand the speaker’s emotions.
reflecting feelings
The first thing that managers need to recognize when communicating feedback one-on-one to employees is that feedback can be ____.
constructive or destructive
____ is the withholding of information about organizational problems or issues by employees.
Organizational silence
____ is a technique of understanding the speaker’s perspective and personal frame of reference and giving feedback that conveys that understanding to the speaker
Empathetic listening
The basic control process begins with:
the establishment of clear standards of performance
In terms of the basic methods of control, __________ control is an improvement over __________ control because it attempts to eliminate or shorten the delay between performance and feedback about the performance.
concurrent; feedback
__________ control regulates workers’ performances on the job, while __________ control measures the results of their efforts.
Behavior; output
The two types of objective controls managers use are:
behavior and output
__________ is a control method that encourages managers to look beyond traditional measures to evaluate four different perspectives on company performance.
Balanced scorecard
Normative controls should be used when:
organizational culture, values, and beliefs are strong
In the traditional control systems used at most companies, __________ measures are used to assess performance and influence behavior.
objective control
Economic value added (EVA) is so important to workers and managers because it:
shows whether a business or subset of a business is really making a profit
____ is the regulatory process of establishing standards that will achieve organizational goals, comparing actual performance to those standards, and then, if necessary, taking corrective action to restore performance to those standards.
Control
____ are a basis of comparison for measuring the extent to which organizational performance is satisfactory or unsatisfactory.
Standards
Companies may determine standards by ____.
benchmarking other companies
Control is a(n) ____ process.
continuous, dynamic, and cybernetic
The three basic control methods are ____.
concurrent control, feedback control, and feedforward control
____ is the extent to which it is possible to implement each step in the control process.
Cybernetic feasibility
According to the text, which of the following factors can help managers to determine whether more control is possible?
cybernetic feasibility
____ control is top-down control in which managers try to influence employee behavior by rewarding or punishing employees for compliance or noncompliance with organizational policies, rules, and procedures.
Bureaucratic
____ control regulates workers’ actions and routines on the job, while ____ control measures the results of their efforts.
Behavior; output
Ironically, ____ control may lead to even more pressure for workers to conform to expectations than ____ control.
concertive; bureaucratic
Instead of individual sales people calling on its business customers, Cedartree Tech uses sales teams. The sales team is given complete responsibility for developing long-term partnering relationships with each customer. What kind of control would the company’s sales managers most likely approve?
concertive control
____ is a control method that encourages managers to look beyond traditional measures to evaluate four different perspectives on company performance.
Balanced Scorecard
Which of the following is NOT one of the four perspectives measured in the Balanced Scorecard approach to control?
policies and procedures perspective
Which of the following statements about the Balanced Scorecard approach to control is true?
All of the perspectives examined by the Balanced Scorecard approach are of equal importance to a company’s success.
In the traditional control systems used at most companies, ____ measures are used to assess performance.
financial
Quality is typically defined and measured in three ways. They are ____.
excellence, value, and conformance to expectations
____ is a performance assessment in which companies identify which customers are leaving and the rate at which customers are leaving.
Customer defection
When a company emphasizes ____ as its quality goal, managers must simultaneously control excellence, price, durability, or other features of a product or service that customers strongly associate with it.
value
A company makes only one product. The company is carefully evaluating what it learned in becoming such a success to see if it could use the same strategy to expand internationally. Which perspective of the Balanced Scorecard is this manufacturer emphasizing?
innovation and learning perspective
Which of the following statements about economic value added (EVA) is true?
EVA is the amount by which profits (after expenses) exceed the cost of capital in a given year.
A large university library has decided to make it nearly impossible for all but the most renowned Civil War experts to access their Civil War collection. The librarian in charge of this collection feels that this new policy will adversely influence the use of the collection in research on the experiences of everyday people during the war. This is an example of the use of control creating ____.
suboptimization
One of the advantages the Balanced Scorecard has over traditional control processes that rely solely on financial measures is that it ____.
minimizes the chances of suboptimization
