Test 3 Flashcards
(120 cards)
1
Q
According to the expectancy theory, __________ affect the conscious choices that people make about their motivation.
A
valence, expectancy, and instrumentality
2
Q
On the basis of research evidence, the two basic needs categories are:
A
higher-order and lower-order needs
3
Q
To use expectancy theory to motivate employees, managers can
A
systematically gather information to find out what employees want from their jobs
4
Q
__________ strengthen behavior (i.e., increase its frequency).
A
Positive and negative reinforcement
5
Q
Which of the following statements about goal-setting theory is true?
A
Goals can energize behavior.
6
Q
According to the text, ____ is the set of forces that initiates, directs, and makes people persist in their efforts to accomplish a goal.
A
motivation
7
Q
According to some industrial psychologists, ____ is a function of motivation times ability times situational constraints.
A
job performance
8
Q
McClellend’s Learned Needs Theory identifies three needs. They are the needs for ____.
A
power, achievement, and affiliation
9
Q
On the basis of research evidence, the two basic needs categories are ____.
A
higher-order and lower-order needs
10
Q
According to Alderfer’s ERG theory, the lowest-order need is ____.
A
existence
11
Q
According to the model of need satisfaction, an unsatisfied need produces ____.
A
tension
12
Q
Which of the following statements about needs is true?
A
Higher-order needs will generally not motivate people as long as lower-order needs remain unsatisfied.
13
Q
Extrinsic rewards are ____.
A
exemplified by bonuses, trophies, and plaques
14
Q
Which of the following is an example of an intrinsic reward?
A
a sense of achievement
15
Q
According to ____, people will be motivated when they perceive they are being treated fairly.
A
equity theory
16
Q
The two basic kinds of inequity are ____.
A
underreward and overreward
17
Q
In equity theory, ____ are others with whom people compare themselves to determine if they have been treated fairly.
A
referents
18
Q
According to the motivational model presented in the text, perceived inequity directly affects ____.
A
satisfaction
19
Q
How do employees try to restore equity when they perceive that they have been treated unfairly?
A
by doing any of these
20
Q
In equity theory, ____ refers to the fairness of the process used to make reward allocation decisions.
A
procedural justice
21
Q
Reinforcement theory says behavior is a function of ____.
A
its consequences
22
Q
____ is the process of changing behavior by changing the consequences that follow behavior.
A
Reinforcement
23
Q
The two parts of reinforcement are ____.
A
reinforcement contingencies and schedules of reinforcement
24
Q
Which of the following is also called avoidance learning?
A
negative reinforcement
25
Because workplace injuries cost U.S. businesses $1 billion every week, increased safety compliance needs to become a practice, not just a theory. The goal of developing safety consciousness within the workforce requires continuous reinforcement at every organizational level. This means ____.
a consequence must be delivered following every instance of behavior
26
Which of the following is a category of reinforcement schedules?
variable interval
27
For punishment to work (i.e., to weaken the frequency of undesirable behaviors without creating a backlash), the punishment must be strong enough to stop the undesired behavior and must be administered ____.
consistently, contingently, and quickly
28
A ____ is a target, objective, or result.
goal
29
Managers who use goal-setting theory to motivate employees should ____.
make sure workers truly accept organizational goals
30
Feedback can lead to stronger motivation and effort if it _____
encourages employees to set higher, more difficult goals after the initial goals are accomplished
31
Research at three universities has confirmed that two basic leader behaviors, ______ and ______, are central to successful leadership.
initiating structure; consideration
32
Which of the following is the best leadership style for all situations?
none of these
33
Fiedlers contingency theory assumes:
leaders are effective when their work groups perform well
34
The most important situational factor in Fieldler’s Contingency Theory is:
Leader-member relations
35
Which of the following approaches to implementing Fiedler's contingency theory in the workplace has proven effective?
accurately measuring and matching leaders to situations
36
Which of the following is NOT one of the four leadership styles identified in the path-goal theory of leadership?
charismatic
37
According to the path-goal theory of leadership, __________ means setting challenging goals, having high expectations of employees, and displaying confidence that employees will assume responsibility and put forth extraordinary effort.
achievement-oriented leadership
38
The Vroom-Yetton-Jago Model is another name for the:
normative decision theory
39
Transactional leaders:
reward followers for good behavior and punish followers for poor behavior
40
____is the process of influencing others to achieve group or organizational goals.
leadership
41
Which of the following statements about leaders and managers is true?
Organizations need both leaders and managers.
42
Relatively stable characteristics such as abilities, psychological motives, or consistent patterns of behavior, form the basis for the ____ of leadership.
trait theory
43
Which one of the following traits refers to high levels of effort and is characterized by achievement, motivation, ambition, energy, tenacity, and initiative?
Drive
44
Successful business leaders are not like other people. Successful business leaders ____.
are accurately described by all of these
45
Which of the following is another term for considerate leadership behavior?
employee-centered leadership
46
Research shows that while initiating structure impacts primarily on ____, consideration impacts primarily on ____.
job performance; job satisfaction
47
Which of the following statements about the two basic leader behaviors that are central to successful leadership is true?
These behaviors are referred to as initiating structure and consideration.
48
Which of the following is an example of a situational theory of leadership?
Fiedler's contingency theory
49
Which of the following leadership theories assumes that leadership styles are consistent and difficult to change?
none of these
50
In Fiedler's contingency theory, the term ____ refers to the degree to which leaders are able to hire, fire, reward, and punish workers.
position power
51
In Fiedler's contingency theory, the term ____ refers to the degree to which a particular situation either permits or denies a leader the chance to influence the behavior of group members.
situational favorableness
52
Which of the following approaches to implementing Fiedler's contingency theory in the workplace has proven effective?
accurately measuring and matching leaders to situations
53
Which of the following is an example of an environmental contingency in path-goal theory?
task structure
54
According to the path-goal theory, which of the following is an example of an environmental contingency?
the formal authority system
55
The normative decision theory ____.
helps managers determine how much employee participation should be used in decision making
56
The two types of visionary leadership are ____.
charismatic leadership and transformational leadership
57
____ refers to the behavioral tendencies and personal characteristics of leaders that create an exceptionally strong relationship between them and their followers.
Charismatic leadership
58
Charismatic leaders generally ____.
articulate a vision based on strongly held values
59
Transformational leaders ____.
are accurately described by all of these
60
Transactional leaders ____.
reward followers for good behavior and punish followers for poor behavior
61
The steps of the basic perception process are:
Attention, organization, interpretation, and retention
62
In the model of the communication process, __________ makes senders aware of possible miscommunications and enables them to continue communicating until the receiver understands the intended message.
Feedback to sender
63
The three formal communication channels in organizations are categorized as:
downward, horizontal, and upward
64
In the __________ type of grapevine communication network, one "highly connected" individual shares information with many other managers and workers.
gossip chain
65
__________ is the withholding of information about organizational problems or issues by employees.
Organizational silence
66
One of the best ways for top managers to hear what others feel and think is through:
frequent informal meetings
67
The first thing that managers need to recognize when communicating feedback one-on-one to employees is that feedback can be:
constructive or destructive
68
Which of the following statements about perception and perceptual filters is true?
People perceive according to personality-, psychology-, and experience-based filters.
69
____ is the process by which individuals attend to, organize, interpret, and retain information from their environments.
Perception
70
Perceptual filters may occur as the result of ____.
personality-based differences
71
____ is the tendency to fill in gaps of missing information by assuming that what we don't know is consistent with what we already know.
Closure
72
____ is the tendency to notice and accept objects and information consistent with our values, beliefs, and expectations while ignoring, screening out, or not accepting inconsistent information.
Selective perception
73
According to attribution theory, ____ makes managers more likely to attribute workers’ problems or failures to internal rather than external causes.
the fundamental attribution error
74
According to attribution theory, we use two general reasons or attributions to explain people's behavior. They are ____.
internal and external attributions
75
The ____ states that we all have a basic need to understand and explain the causes of other people's behavior.
attribution theory
76
Someone experiencing a(n) ____ would be likely to take any negative criticism of his or her department personally.
self-serving bias
77
When things go wrong in the workplace, workers are more likely to attribute their problems to ____, while managers are more likely to attribute those same workers’ problems to ____.
external causes; internal causes
78
____ is the tendency to overestimate our value by attributing successes to ourselves (internal causes) and attributing failures to others or the environment (external causes).
A self-serving bias
79
Noise can occur when ____.
any of these occur
80
Which of the following statements about informal communication in organizations is true?
Information carried by informal communication channels is estimated to be 75 to 95 percent accurate.
81
The two primary types of grapevine communications networks are ____.
cluster and gossip
82
Coaching is ____.
a kind of one-on-one communication primarily used by managers to improve an employee's on-the-job performance or behavior
83
Managers generally like and use____ but are less receptive to using ____.
oral communication; written communication
84
Which of the following is one of the primary tasks faced by managers who want to improve organizational communication?
managing organization-wide communication
85
Which of the following statements about hearing and listening are true?
Hearing is the act of perceiving sounds, while listening is the act of making a conscious effort to hear.
86
____ is a technique of assuming half the responsibility for successful communication by actively giving the speaker nonjudgmental feedback that shows you've accurately heard what he or she said.
Active listening
87
In empathetic listening, ____ is important because it demonstrates that you understand the speaker's emotions.
reflecting feelings
88
The first thing that managers need to recognize when communicating feedback one-on-one to employees is that feedback can be ____.
constructive or destructive
89
____ is the withholding of information about organizational problems or issues by employees.
Organizational silence
90
____ is a technique of understanding the speaker's perspective and personal frame of reference and giving feedback that conveys that understanding to the speaker
Empathetic listening
91
The basic control process begins with:
the establishment of clear standards of performance
92
In terms of the basic methods of control, __________ control is an improvement over __________ control because it attempts to eliminate or shorten the delay between performance and feedback about the performance.
concurrent; feedback
93
__________ control regulates workers' performances on the job, while __________ control measures the results of their efforts.
Behavior; output
94
The two types of objective controls managers use are:
behavior and output
95
__________ is a control method that encourages managers to look beyond traditional measures to evaluate four different perspectives on company performance.
Balanced scorecard
96
Normative controls should be used when:
organizational culture, values, and beliefs are strong
97
In the traditional control systems used at most companies, __________ measures are used to assess performance and influence behavior.
objective control
98
Economic value added (EVA) is so important to workers and managers because it:
shows whether a business or subset of a business is really making a profit
99
____ is the regulatory process of establishing standards that will achieve organizational goals, comparing actual performance to those standards, and then, if necessary, taking corrective action to restore performance to those standards.
Control
100
____ are a basis of comparison for measuring the extent to which organizational performance is satisfactory or unsatisfactory.
Standards
101
Companies may determine standards by ____.
benchmarking other companies
102
Control is a(n) ____ process.
continuous, dynamic, and cybernetic
103
The three basic control methods are ____.
concurrent control, feedback control, and feedforward control
104
____ is the extent to which it is possible to implement each step in the control process.
Cybernetic feasibility
105
According to the text, which of the following factors can help managers to determine whether more control is possible?
cybernetic feasibility
106
____ control is top-down control in which managers try to influence employee behavior by rewarding or punishing employees for compliance or noncompliance with organizational policies, rules, and procedures.
Bureaucratic
107
____ control regulates workers' actions and routines on the job, while ____ control measures the results of their efforts.
Behavior; output
108
Ironically, ____ control may lead to even more pressure for workers to conform to expectations than ____ control.
concertive; bureaucratic
109
Instead of individual sales people calling on its business customers, Cedartree Tech uses sales teams. The sales team is given complete responsibility for developing long-term partnering relationships with each customer. What kind of control would the company's sales managers most likely approve?
concertive control
110
____ is a control method that encourages managers to look beyond traditional measures to evaluate four different perspectives on company performance.
Balanced Scorecard
111
Which of the following is NOT one of the four perspectives measured in the Balanced Scorecard approach to control?
policies and procedures perspective
112
Which of the following statements about the Balanced Scorecard approach to control is true?
All of the perspectives examined by the Balanced Scorecard approach are of equal importance to a company's success.
113
In the traditional control systems used at most companies, ____ measures are used to assess performance.
financial
114
Quality is typically defined and measured in three ways. They are ____.
excellence, value, and conformance to expectations
115
____ is a performance assessment in which companies identify which customers are leaving and the rate at which customers are leaving.
Customer defection
116
When a company emphasizes ____ as its quality goal, managers must simultaneously control excellence, price, durability, or other features of a product or service that customers strongly associate with it.
value
117
A company makes only one product. The company is carefully evaluating what it learned in becoming such a success to see if it could use the same strategy to expand internationally. Which perspective of the Balanced Scorecard is this manufacturer emphasizing?
innovation and learning perspective
118
Which of the following statements about economic value added (EVA) is true?
EVA is the amount by which profits (after expenses) exceed the cost of capital in a given year.
119
A large university library has decided to make it nearly impossible for all but the most renowned Civil War experts to access their Civil War collection. The librarian in charge of this collection feels that this new policy will adversely influence the use of the collection in research on the experiences of everyday people during the war. This is an example of the use of control creating ____.
suboptimization
120
One of the advantages the Balanced Scorecard has over traditional control processes that rely solely on financial measures is that it ____.
minimizes the chances of suboptimization
