Test 2 Flashcards
Patterns of innovation over time that can create sustainable competitive advantage are called:
innovation streams
The __________ approach to managing innovation assumes that innovation is a predictable process made up of a series of steps and that compressing the time it takes to complete those steps can speed up innovation.
compression
Patterns of innovation over time that can create sustainable competitive advantage are called:
innovation streams
The first stage of organizational decline is:
blinded
Which of the following is one of the three steps in the basic process of managing organizational change outlined by Kurt Lewin?
unfreezing
According to John Kotter’s analysis of the errors managers make when leading change, the first and potentially most serious of these errors is:
not establishing a great enough sense of urgency
Organizational ____ is the successful implementation of creative ideas in organizations.
innovation
Creativity was needed to improve efficiency without raising costs at one automobile maker. Over the last few years, the company has successfully implemented a creative engineering program that allows its plants to produce more than one type of car from the same assembly line. This successful change to a flexible manufacturing system is an example of ____.
organizational innovation
The development of the DVD player was a source of ____ to companies in the movie industry just as VHS tapes had once been.
technological discontinuity
A technology ____ begins with the birth of a new technology and ends when that technology reaches its limits and dies as it is replaced by a newer, substantially better technology.
cycle
Nearly all technology cycles follow the typical ____ pattern of innovation.
S-curve
In the typical S-curve pattern of innovation, increased effort (i.e., money, research and development) brings only small improvements in technological performance ____,
at both the beginning and end of the cycle
When significant improvements in performance can ONLY be gained through radical new designs or new performance-enhancing materials, it is likely that a company is ____ in the S-curve pattern of innovation.
at the end of the innovation cycle
Patterns of innovation over time that can create sustainable competitive advantage are called ____.
innovation streams
A technology cycle occurs whenever there are major advances or changes in the ____ in a field or discipline.
knowledge, tools, and techniques
____ is the phase of a technology cycle characterized by technological substitution and design competition.
Discontinuous change
The purchase of new technologies to replace older ones is an example of ___.
technological substitution
Discontinuous change in an innovation stream is characterized by ____.
technological substitution
In order from beginning to end, the phases of a technology cycle within an innovation stream consist of ____.
technological discontinuity, discontinuous change, dominant design, and incremental change
are workplace cultures in which workers perceive that new ideas are welcomed, valued, and encouraged.
Creative work environments
Organizational development ____.
is a philosophy and collection of planned change interventions
Which of the following statements describes an advantage of the results-driven change approach to managing change?
All of these were cited as advantages of the results-driven change approach.
A(n) ____ is the individual who is formally in charge of guiding a change effort.
change agent
Which of the following methods for managing resistance to change should only be used as a last resort or under crisis conditions?
coercion
Which of the following statements about resistance to change is true?
Resistance to change will always occur; it is inevitable.
According to social psychologist Kurt Lewin, ____ lead to differences in the form, quality, or condition of an organization over time, while ____ support the status quo, or the existing state of conditions in an organization.
change forces; resistance forces
It is appropriate to use a(n) ____ approach to manage innovation in more certain environments during periods of incremental change, in which the goals are lower costs and incremental improvements in the performance and function of the existing technological design.
compression
When incremental improvements are made to a dominant technological design such that the improved version of the technology is fully backward compatible with the older version, ____ is said to have occurred.
generational change
The ____ approach to managing innovation assumes that innovation is a predictable process made up of a series of steps and that compressing the time it takes to complete those steps can speed up innovation.
compression
Which of the following is a component of a creative work environment that encourages creativity?
all of these - the granting of autonomy ; the removal of organizational impediments ; organizational encouragement ; the development of challenging work
The two general kinds of trade barriers are:
tariff barriers and non-tariff barriers
The trade agreement that represented the most significant change to the regulations governing global trade during the 1990s was the:
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
Which of the following represents the correct sequence for the phase model of globalization?
exporting; cooperative contracts; strategic alliances; wholly owned affiliates
Two factors help determine the growth potential of foreign markets. They are foreign competition and:
purchasing power
Hofstede’s research has shown there are:
five consistent dimensions of cultural differences across countries
An expatriate is someone who:
lives and works outside of his or her own country
The evidence clearly shows that __________ is the most important factor in determining the success or failure of an international assignment.
how well an expatriate’s spouse and family adjust to the foreign culture
Global business is defined as____.
the buying and selling of goods and services to people from different countries
____ is a method of investment in which a company builds a new business or buys an existing business in a foreign country.
Direct foreign investment
In 2000, the United States imposed a tax on all steel imports in an effort to protect about 5,000 jobs. This tax is an example of a(n) ____.
tariff
____ are long-term, low-interest loans, cash grants, and tax deductions used to develop and protect companies or special industries.
Subsidies
The acronym GATT stands for the ____.
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
One of the major questions that a company must typically answer about its future, once it has decided to go global is ____.
To what extent should the company standardize or adapt business procedures?
Historically, most companies have used the ____ to successfully enter foreign markets.
phase model of globalization
Fran Wilson Creative Cosmetics is a medium-sized U.S. company that sells 1.5 million tubes of its lipstick annually in Japan. It has no physical presence within the country beyond the fact its products are sold there. Fran Wilson Creative Cosmetics uses ____ to reach the Japanese market.
exporting
____ occurs when a company sells domestically produced products to customers in foreign countries.
Exporting
A(n) ____ is an agreement in which a foreign business owner pays a company a fee for the right to conduct that business in his or her country.
cooperative contract
____ are both examples of cooperative contracts.
Franchising and licensing
In terms of Hofstede’s cultural differences, the people who are described as happy-go-lucky and are people who are comfortable with an unstructured life and deal well with sudden changes. In terms of Hofstede’s cultural differences, these people have a ____.
low degree of uncertainty avoidance
Starbucks is expanding its global operations into South America in spite of the real probability of civil wars and terrorist activities in many of the continent’s nations. As Starbucks expands into South America, it must deal with ____.
political uncertainty
All global new ventures share two common factors. One is the bringing of a good or service to several different foreign markets at the same time. The other is ____.
none of these
The evidence clearly shows that ____ is the most important factor in determining the success or failure of an international assignment.
how well an expatriate’s spouse and family adjust to the foreign culture
The term ____ is used by Hofstede to describe the degree to which people in a country are uncomfortable with unstructured, ambiguous, unpredictable situations.
uncertainty avoidance
According to Hofstede, when people in a culture are oriented to the present and seek immediate gratification, that culture is described as ____.
having a short-term orientation
The ____ strategy of minimizing or adapting to the political risk inherent to global business makes use of joint ventures and collaborative contracts.
cooperation
____ is the set of shared values and beliefs that affects the perceptions, decisions, and behavior of people from a particular country.
National culture
What are the two types of political risk that affect companies conducting global business?
political uncertainty and policy uncertainty
A country or region that has an attractive business climate for companies that want to go global has ____.
an effective but cost-efficient place to build an office or manufacturing site
Which of the following factors helps a company determine the growth potential of a foreign market?
purchasing power
Which of the following factors should be considered when choosing an office/manufacturing location in the Brazilian market for a U.S. company that operates cinemas and wants to open a chain of movie theatres there?
all of these
Organizational authority is traditionally characterized by:
chain of command
A(n) __________ function is an activity that contributes directly to creating or selling the company’s products.
line
__________ means increasing the number of tasks in a particular job and giving workers the power to make decisions about their own work.
Job enrichment
A(n) __________ organization is an organization that is characterized by specialized jobs and responsibilities, precisely defined, unchanging roles, and a rigid chain of command based on centralized authority and vertical communication.
mechanistic
__________ is a fundamental rethinking and radical redesign of business processes to achieve dramatic improvements in critical measures of performance, such as cost, quality, service, and speed.
Reengineering
Except for the core business activities that they can perform better, faster, and cheaper than others, __________ outsource all remaining business activities to outside companies, suppliers, specialists, or consultants.
modular organizations
The organizational process ____.
is the collection of activities that transform inputs into outputs that customers value
While ____ emphasizes jobs and their authority relationships, ____ emphasizes the activities through which work gets done in the organization.
organizational structure; organizational process
____ departmentalization is defined as organizing work and workers into separate units responsible for particular business functions or areas of expertise.
Functional
____ is a general term that refers to subdividing work and workers into separate organizational units that are responsible for completing particular tasks.
Departmentalization
Which of the following statements about functional departmentalization is true?
Functional departmentalization allows work to be done by highly qualified specialists
Hallmark has four departments. These departments are (1) Flowers and Gifts, (2) Cards and E-cards, (3) Hallmark Collectibles, and (4) Photo Albums and Scrapbooks. Hallmark uses ____ departmentalization.
product
