Test 3

Question 1

Authority

Answer 1

• power people perceive as legitimate, not coercive
• Traditional: power legitimized through respect for long established cultural patterns
• Rational-legal: power legitimized by legally enacted rules and regulations
• Charismatic: power legitimized through extraordinary personal abilities that inspire devotion and obedience
• Routinization of charisma: the transformation of charismatic authority into some combination of traditional and bureaucratic authority

Question 2

Fascism

Answer 2

-Nationalist
-Anti-Communist/Anti-Socialist
-Authoritarian
>a political system that denies popular participation in government
>rejects equality
-Expansionist Imperialism
>positive view on use of violence
>mass militarization of society
-Stress on Masculinity
-Anti-intellectual indoctrination

Question 3

Voter Turnout

Answer 3

• 57.5% of eligible voters participated in 2012

- 36.4% of eligible voters participated in 2014 — lowest since WWII

Question 4

Pluralism

Answer 4

-Power is equally distributed
>no one group is politically dominant
>several veto groups that compete to win support
>the rise of a multitude of veto groups has neutralized the historical power of wealth
-The federal government acts neutral
>acts as a mediator which smooths conflict in the best interests of all

Question 5

The Power Elite

Answer 5

-Corporate rich
>direct participation in government
>campaign contributions
-Military leaders
>political and economic pre-eminence started during WWII
-Executive branch
>reign over an immense bureaucratic network
>presidential office and cabinet agencies have progressively expanded in size and importance

Question 6

Media Selection Bias

Answer 6

-selective reporting of events/frames
>cultural resonances
>corporate hegemony
>relying on authority as sources

Question 7

Focusing Events

Answer 7

• an incident that “draws attention to some conditions more than to others (Kingdon 1984: 206).”
• also knows as “triggering events” and “information shocks”
• provide a window of opportunity for social movements
• Ex. Fukushima nuclear disaster

Question 8

Media Systems

Answer 8

1. Polarized Pluralist Model
   - Mediterranean area of Southern Europe
   - lows levels of newspaper circulation and journalistic professionalization
   - high levels of political parallelism and state intervention
   - weaker development of commercial media
2. Democratic Corporatist Model
   - central and northern Europe
   - high levels of all four dimensions
   - historical coexistence of commercial media/media tied to social and political groups
3. Liberal Model
   - North Atlantic region and UK
   - medium levels of newspaper circulation
   - commercial newspapers dominate
   - strong role of the market
   - strong professionalization
   - low levels of parallelism (except UK) and state intervention

Question 9

Two-Step Flow

Answer 9

• the idea that “opinion leaders” mediate decisively between mass communicators and audiences
• Criticism: neglects the role of media in shaping the agenda and framing events (Gitlin 1978)

Question 10

gatekeeping

Answer 10

the role of editors and media mangers in deciding to cover or not cover certain news stories

Question 11

framing

Answer 11

a set of concepts and theoretical perspectives on how individuals, groups, and societies organize, perceive, and communicate about reality

Question 12

the cold war

Answer 12

• economic and political struggle between the West and the Soviet Union
• US elites saw the Soviet Union as constituting a political and military threat
• spread of Soviet domination in Eastern Europe as evidence/fall of China in 1949
• socialism as a threat to capitalist interests

Question 13

PTSD

Answer 13

• results from trauma or stress in battle
• nightmares, difficulty sleeping and concentrating, flashbacks, jumpiness and hyper-alertness guilt of surviving, and feelings of detachment from people
• 11% of veterans of the war in Afghanistan
• 20% of Iraq war veterans

Question 14

Terrorism

Answer 14

• acts of violence used as a strategy to gain political objectives
• always includes violence against civilian populations for political ends
• include bombings, hijackings, and assassinations
• see violence as a legitimate response to injustice
• focuses world attention on their issues and demands

Question 15

Blowback

Answer 15

the violent, unintended consequences of a covert operation that are suffered by the civilian population of the aggressor government

Question 16

business elites

Answer 16

consists of those who are primary owners and top managers of major business firms

Question 17

inner group elites

Answer 17

consists of members of the business elite who have significant connections with at least several major corporations

Question 18

corporate consolidation

Answer 18

The consolidation of several business units or several different companies into a larger organization. Business consolidation is used to improve operational efficiency by reducing redundant personnel and processes. It is most often associated with mergers and acquisitions. Business consolidation can result in long-term cost savings, but in the short-term can be expensive and complex.

Question 19

Misperceptions of Iraq War

Answer 19

• close relations between Iraq and al Qaeda has been found
• weapons of mass destruction have been found in Iraq
• world public opinion favored the US going to war with Iraq

Question 20

television exposure hypothesis

Answer 20

exposure to local television news increases the perceived personal likelihood of criminal victimization and heightens its perceived importance as a political problem`

Question 21

civil liberties

Answer 21

Civil liberties are personal guarantees and freedoms that the government cannot abridge, either by law or by judicial interpretation.

Question 22

Strategic Defense Initiative

Answer 22

The intent of this program was to develop a sophisticated anti-ballistic missile system in order to prevent missile attacks from other countries, specifically the Soviet Union.

Question 23

sociotropic threat

Answer 23

a generalized anxiety and sense of threat to society, the country as a whole, or the region where one lives

Question 24

security

Answer 24

most people prefer protection of their civil liberties over their personal security

Question 25

Uses and Gratifications

Answer 25

-on the contrary, people aren’t passive consumers, but are active seekers of media
-we often pick where we get our news based on political/cultural beliefs
-News media provide information; TV programs provide entertainment
-four primary needs for participating in groups within Facebook:
>socializing
>entertainment
>self-status seeking
>and information

Question 26

TIRC

Answer 26

Tobacco Industry Research Committee
Many high power scientists came together for the tobacco industry and worked on the fight to prove that Tobacco smoking did not cause cancer. The tobacco companies got together to create their own professional scientists that would only say what they wanted them to say at court hearings. They gave colleges and universities millions of dollars as long as the researcher would never say that tobacco directly caused cancer. It began 1953, and they hid the fact that they knew it caused many cancers for almost 50 years. In the late 90s they were finally taken down and all the cover up was released and the Tobacco companies had to pay millions of dollars and got charged as a RICO case.