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Social Issues in America > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Gender stratification

A

unequal distribution of wealth, power and privilege between men and women

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2
Q

patriarchy

A

social dominance by males

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3
Q

sexism

A

belief that one sex or the other is innately inferior or superior

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4
Q

sex

A

biological distinction between males and females

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5
Q

gender

A

personal traits and life chances that a society links to being female or male

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6
Q

functionalist approach to gender inequality

A

-gendered division of labor is functional for the survival of the social group
-Tlacott Parsons: complementary roles for family unites in order to carry out various tasks
>men: perform instrumental tasks
>women: perform expressive tasks
-families are best organized along clear gender lines
-criticism: justifies women’s lower status by promoting gender roles and male domination

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7
Q

symbolic interactionism - gender inequality

A

-highlights how individuals experience gender daily
-gender is continually being socially constructed through social interaction
>men have a tendency to interrupt others and especially women
>women are more likely to listen politely, especially to men
-people can purposely change patterns of interaction in society
-gender bias in written word has been reduced
>AP: encourages the plural to avoid gender specific pronouns
>no longer use gender-specific occupational nouns

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8
Q

conflict approach - gender inequality

A

-all patriarchies should be replaced
-gender generates conflict between male “haves” and female “have nots”
-systems of gender inequality are devised and perpetuated by men for their advantage
-women have less access to scarce and valued resources derived from participation in productive activities such as employment
-Friedrich Engels: capitalism intensifies male domination
>to ensure an ever-expanding market for capitalist production, society teaches women that personal happiness lies in marriage and a domestic life as a consumer of products and services
>capitalism exploits men in factories for low pay and exploits women in the home for no pay (“domestic slavery”)

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9
Q

types of feminism

A

liberal, socialist, radical

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10
Q

liberal feminism

A

-focus is on integrating women into existing institutions and opening up more opportunities in education and employment
-Goal: for women to enjoy the same rights, opportunities and rewards as men
-Reform approach: seeks an end to discrimination against women within existing institutions
>Ex.concentrate resources on lobbying, legal battles against discrimination, educational campaigns

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11
Q

Socialist Feminist

A

-both women and men are victims of an economic system that exploits the labor of both sexes
-the capitalist economic system should be abolished
>reform of existing institutions is not enough
+class revolution is necessary
-women and men should join together to create a socialist alternative
-economic production from private property to collective ownership
-replace private households with collective living arrangements which would lead to shared housework and no classes
-Ex. Radical Women, Socialist Party USA, Women’s International Terrorist Conspiracy from Hell (W.I.T.C.H)

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12
Q

Radical Feminism

A

-eliminate idea of gender since patriarchy is built into the concept
-end the distinction between female and male
-seek liberation from all roles
-marriage is considered oppressive
>associated with male dominance
-oppose pornography
-abolish the traditional family
-emphasize the conscious creation of new roles by and for women

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13
Q

Schooling

A

formal instruction under the direction of specially trained teachers

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14
Q

Functionalist Approach - Education

A

-Education is means by which new ideas, information, and approaches are introduced into the culture
>thereby transforming it
-Reformers want to increase the effectiveness of schools
>create institutions where merit and work are rewarded
>racial integration is necessary

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15
Q

Manifest Functions - Education

A
  1. Socialization
    -Primary Schooling
    >Basic Language and mathematical skills
    -Secondary Schooling
    >Expansion of basic skills to include the transmission of cultural values and norms
  2. Cultural Innovation
    -Educational Systems create as well as transmit culture
  3. Social Integration
    -Brings a diverse nation together
  4. Social Placement
    -the enhancement of meritocracy
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16
Q

Latent Functions - Education

A
  1. Keep the under aged and untrained out of the labor force
  2. Custodial function
  3. Gatekeeper role
  4. Sets the stage for establishing relationships and networks
  5. Fostering conformity
17
Q

Critical Analysis of Functionalist approach to Education

A
  • Functionalist approach overlooks that the quality of schooling is far greater for some than for others
  • U.S. Educational system reproduces the class structure in each generation
  • System transforms privilege into personal worthiness and social disadvantage into personal deficiency
18
Q

Symbolic Interactionism - Education

A

-socialization into new roles is a crucial element of the educational system
-labeling students as “good students” or “bad students” can lead to a self-fulfilling prophecy
>students end up segregated into areas of study based on beliefs about gender and racial capabilities
-Rules, dress codes, and behavior expectations are taught

19
Q

Conflict Approach - Education

A
  • Highlights links between education and social inequality
  • Education perpetuates inequality
  • Maintains the status quo
  • Educational system is designed to meet the needs of the powerful and their children
  • Some schools receive far more money per student
20
Q

Schooling and Social Inequality

A
  1. Social Control
    -Mandatory education laws encouraged compliance, following directions, and discipline
    -Hidden curriculum- subtle presentations of political or cultural ideas in the classroom that support the status quo
    -Cultural imperialism - assumption that middle class culture and values should dominate
  2. Standardized testing
    -It is biased on race, ethnicity, or class
  3. School tracking
    -Assigning students to different types of education programs
    >segregates students into winners and losers
    >benefits those from higher-class backgrounds
21
Q

Critical Analysis of schooling and social inequality

A

-social conflict approach minimizes the extent to which schooling provides upward social mobility for talented men and women from all backgrounds
-sent an increasing amount of of people to college
-today’s college curricula (including socially courses) challenges social inequity on many fronts
>schooling can be a force for social change

22
Q

Race and Education

A
  • Cultural bias in standardized tests

- Minorities under perform at every level of education

23
Q

wage gap

A

-median pay for women is only 77% as much as men’s
-1/3 explained other social roles and obligations
>issue of reduced experience often due to time taken off for raising children
-less than 1/3 due to differences in industry, occupation, union status between men and women
-remainder can be attributed to discrimination

24
Q

sexual violence

A
  • 215,000 sexual assaults including rape
  • 3% of female college students are victims of rape or attempted rape on campus any given year
  • over a 4 or 5 year college career, 20% of all women experience such a crime
25
Q

schools with less funding

A

-schools are primarily funded by local property taxes
-tend to have
>lower proficiency test scores
>higher dropout rates
>lower college admission rates
>higher obesity rates
>lower life chances
>more students that end up in prison

26
Q

Sutherland’s Differential Association

A
  • symbolic interactionism
  • deviant behavior is learned
  • frequency of association is central to the development of deviance
  • if associates are prone to violation of norms, then one is also more likely to take part
  • researchers studying high school students have found a link between those that turn to drugs or sex and the degree to which their peer groups encourage it
27
Q

labeling deviance

A
  • symbolic interactionism
  • “rule breaking” is behavior that people label that way
  • crime and deviance is about how others respond to the behavior
  • people can be changed by the labels
  • primary deviance: episodes of norm violation that bring little reaction from others and little harm done to self-concept
  • secondary deviance: when people “make something” of another’s deviant behavior
  • stigma: powerful negative label that greatly changes a person’s self-concept and social identity
28
Q

hate crimes

A

a criminal act against a person or person’s property by an offender motivated by racial or other bias

29
Q

Merton’s Strain Theory

A 
-rule breaking depends on
   >whether people accept society's goals
   >whether society provides opportunity to reach goals
-models of individual adaptation
   1. Conformity
   2. Innovation
   3. Ritualism
   4. Retreatism
30
Q

white collar crime

A
  • crimes committed by people of high social position in the course of their occupations
  • ex.: bank embezzlement, business fraud, bribery, and violating antitrust laws
31
Q

deviance

A
  • the recognized violation of cultural norms
  • varies according to cultural norms
  • people become deviant
  • deviance involves social power
32
Q

violent crime down

A
  • reduction in youth pop
  • changes in policing
  • more prisons
  • better economy
  • declining drug trade
33
Q

sexual harassment

A
  • unwanted comments, gestures, or physical contact of a sexual nature
  • quid pro quo sexual harassment: “one thing in return for another” is by law a violation of civil rights
34
Q

domestic violence

A

-leading cause of injury among women

35
Q

power elite

A

-people who serve as directors or trustees in profit & nonprofit institutions controlled by the corporate community through stock ownership, financial support, involvement on the board of trustees, or some combo of these factors

36
Q

sex category

A

categorization is established and sustained by the socially required identificatory displays that proclaim one’s membership in one or the other category

37
Q

gender socialization

A
  • the process of learning the social expectations and attitudes associated with one’s sex
  • explains why males and females behave in different ways
38
Q

school vouchers

A

parents get funds they can use at public or private school of their choice

39
Q

recommendations from a nation at risk

A
  1. all schools should require several years of english, math, social studies, general science, and computer science
  2. no more “social promotion” of failing students from grade to grade
  3. teacher training and salaries should improve

Social Issues in America (10 decks)

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