Test 3 Flashcards
Vertebrates
Have a backbone
Heterotrophic
Their food consists of organic molecules made by other organisms
Invertebrates
Lack a backbone
Coelom
Invertebrates that lack a true body cavity
Asymmetry
Animal has no particular symmetry
Radial symmetry
The animal is organized and two identical halves are obtained no matter how the animal is longitudinally sliced
Which of the phyla in the tree have radial symmetry?
Radiata
Bilateral symmetry
The adult animal has a definite right and left half
Germ layers
Tissue layers
Which of the phyla in the tree have only two germ layers?
Radiata
Ectoderm
Outer layer, layer that becomes the skin and nervous system
Endoderm
Inner layer, layer that becomes the gut
Mesoderm
Middle layer, becomes the muscles
Protostome
Pattern of development in which the first opening of the embryo is the mouth
Deuterostome
Pattern of development in which the second opening of the embryo is the mouth, first is anus
Which pattern of development do the flatworms, Rotifers, and roundworms have?
Protostome
Sponges
Live in water, mostly marine, attached to rocks, shells, and other solid objects
Sessile
Immotile
Collar cells
Take in suspended food particles from the water and digest them for the benefit of all the other cells in a sponge
Osculum
Excurrent opening
Spicule
Skeleton of sponge
Amoebocyte
Produce spicules
Calcareous (chalk) sponges have spicules of what?
Calcium carbonate
Bath sponges have a skeleton of ___.
Spongin
Glass sponges have ___ spicules
Glassy
How does a sponge protect itself from predators?
Spicules
How do sponges acquire and digest food?
Collar cells
How do sponges reproduce asexually?
Budding or fragmentation
How do sponges reproduce sexually?
Eggs and sperm
The mouth of a ___ is directed upward.
Polyp
The mouth of a jellyfish, or ___, is directed downward.
Medusa
How can radial symmetry benefit an animal?
It can move equally well in any direction, can reach out and grab food from the center, can sense in all directions
Gastrovasculer cavity
Has a single opening that is used both as an entrance for food and an exit for wastes
How does a hydra acquire and digest food?
Tentacles capture food which is stuffed into gastrovascular cavity where it is digested both externally in the cavity and internally in the cells that like the cavity
How does a hydra protect itself from predators?
Nematocysts
How does a hydra reproduce asexually?
Budding
How does a hydra reproduce sexually?
The body wall can also produce ovaries and testes that produce eggs and sperm
Cnidocytes
Stinging cells
Nematocyst
Fluid-filled capsule which contains a long, spirally coiled hollow thread
Hermaphroditic
Possess both male and female sex organs
Why is is advantageous for an animal to be hermaphroditic?
Assurance of a reproductive partner
Flame cells
Excretory organs, collect fluids from inside the body and send via a tube to an excretory pore
Ladder-like nervous system
Contains a brain and lateral nerve cords connected by transverse nerves
Why would you expect an animal that lives in fresh water to have a well-developed excretory system?
Eliminate water and retain salts
When a planarian extends the ___, food is sucked up into a gastrovascular cavity that branches throughout the body.
Pharynx
What is the advantage of a gastrovascular cavity that ramifies through the body?
A higher surface area for food absorption to occur
How do humans get infected with the pig tapeworm?
Humans may eat it in poorly cooked or raw meat
Tapeworms
Parasitic worms known as cestodes
Scolex
Head, usually with suckers and hooks
Proglottids
Segments of the body
What is the function of a tapeworms hooks and suckers?
Help them stay attached to the interior of the intestine
Ploglottids mature into “bags of eggs.” Given the life cycle of the tapeworm, why might a tapeworm produce so many eggs?
Only a few of the millions of fertile eggs ever have any chance of making it to “adulthood”
Flukes
Parasitic flatworms known as trematodes
Complete digestive tract
Has both a mouth and an anus
Pseudocoelom
A body cavity, which allows space for the organs, is incompletely lined with mesoderm
How can trichinosis be prevented in humans?
Eat well-cooked meat
Filarial worm
Roundworm that infects lymphatic vessels and blocks the flow of lymph
The condition is called __ because when a leg is affected, it becomes massively swollen.
Elephantiasis
If a cnidarian has both a polyp stage and a medusa stage, what is the life-cycle function of the medusa stage?
Disperses the species
Why would you expect an animal with bilateral symmetry to be more active than one with radial symmetry?
They move in a definite direction
Name two contrasting anatomical features (other than symmetry) that distinguish a planarian from a hydra.
Planarian - ladder-like nervous system, 3 germ layers
Hydra - nerve net, 2 germ layers
Name a group of animals that is usually hermaphroditic and a group that is usually dioecious.
Hermaphroditic - flatworms
Dioecious - flukes
How does the process of acquiring food in planarians differ from the process in tapeworms?
Planarians - extend pharynx and suck up food
Tapeworms - attach to a host and suck up food
Why would you expect a free-living roundworm to have a nervous system?
They have a muscular body wall, so need a brain and nerves to control the muscles
Name two types of parasitic roundworms and one type of roundworm that is free-living.
Parasitic - trichinella and Filarial worm
Free-living - vinegar eels
Chitins
Among molluscs, Chitins are the grazing marine herbivores, which have a body flattened dorsoventrally covered by a shell consisting of eight plates
Bivalves
Contain marine and freshwater sessile filter feeders, such as clams and scallops, with a body enclosed by a shell consisting of two valves
Gastropods
Contain marine, freshwater, and terrestrial species. In snails, the shell, if present, is coiled
Cephalopods
Contain marine active predators, such as squids and nautiluses. Tentacles are about the head
All molluscs have a three part body consisting of:
- foot
- visceral mass
- mantle
Foot
Specialized for various means of locomotion
Visceral mass
Includes the internal organs
Mantle
A thin tissue that encloses the visceral mass and may secrete a shell
Cephalization
Development of a head region
Radula
Belt like organ containing rows of teeth
Annelids
Segmented worms
Hydrostatic skeleton
The circular and longitudinal muscles work against the fluid-filled coelom to produce changed in width and length
Polychaetes
Have many slender bristles called setae
Earthworms
Oligochaetes, have fewer setae
Leeches
Usually have no setae
Clitellum
Enlarged section around a short length of the body of an earthworm
Secretes mucus that holds the worms together during mating
Detritus
Organic matter
Arthropods
Have paired, jointed appendages and a hard exoskeleton that contain chitin
Molt
As soon as they have grown larger, they shed their old exoskeleton and grow a new larger one
Insects
Three pairs of legs, with or without wings, and three distinct body regions
Millipedes
Two pairs of legs per segment
Centipede
One pair of legs per segment
Spiders and scorpions
Four pairs of legs, no antennae, and a cephalothorax (head and thorax are fused)
Crustaceans
Include crabs, shrimp, and lobsters, have three to five pairs of legs, and two pairs of antennae
Barnacles
Use their legs to gather food
Hemolymph
Blood plus lymph
Malpighian tubules
Save water by secretive a solid nitrogenous waste
Tracheae
Tiny tubules that deliver air directly to the muscles
Tympana
Grasshoppers detect sound and vibrations with these membranes
Metamorphosis
A change, usually a drastic one, in form and shape
Nymphs
Immature stages of the grasshopper
Incomplete metamorphosis
A gradual change in form
Complete metamorphosis
Three stages of development - larvae, pupa, and adult
Echinoderms
Only invertebrate group that shares deuterostome development with the vertebrates
The Echinoderms most unique feature is what?
Their water vascular system
What do Echinoderms use for locomotion?
Tube feet
List two advantages of having a coelom.
- more space for complex organs
- makes a hydrostatic skeleton possible
What are the three general characteristics of mollusks?
- muscular foot
- visceral mass
- mantle
Give evidence that earthworms are segmented by stating an organ that occurs in most every segment.
Nephridia
In general, describe the water vascular system of Echinoderms.
Consists of various canals that transport water to the ampulla. Which contracts and focus water into the tube feet.
Advantage of closer circulatory system
Transport faster with it
Advantage of respiratory organ
Provides for efficient gas exchange
Advantage of jointed appendages
Provides flexible movement
Advantage of exoskeleton
Muscle attachment for specialized movement
A lancelet isn’t a vertebrate. Explain.
Retains the notochord as an adult and has no vertebrate
Which groups of vertebrates are fully adapted to life on land?
reptiles, aves, and mammals
A pulmonary circuit is seen in vertebrate animals adapted to life on land. Explain
Takes blood to and from the lungs
Hydrozoa
Hydra, Portuguese man-of-war
Scyphozoa
Jellyfish
Anthozoa
Hard corals and soft corals
Ctenophora
Comb jelly
Platyhelminthes
Flatworms
Turbellara
Free-living flatworms
Trematoda
Flukes
Cestoda
Tapeworms
Acoelomates
No fluid-filled body cavity
Polyplacophora
Chitins
Gastropoda
Snails, slugs
Bivalvia
Clams
Cephalopoda
Octopus, squid
Cephalopods have ___ circulatory system.
Closed
Loligo
Squid
Annelida
Segmented worms
Oligochaeta
Earthworms
Polychaeta
Sand worms, feather dusters
Hirudinea
Leeches
Typhlosole
Fold that increases surface of intestine
Nematoda
Roundworms
Chelocerates
Horseshoe crabs and arachnids
Crustaceans
Crabs, lobster, shrimp
Chilopods
Centipedes
Diplopods
Millipedes
Hexapods
Insects
Complete metamorphosis
- drastic change
- larvae does not resemble adult
- example is butterfly
Incomplete metamorphosis
- gradual change
- larvae resemble adult
- example is grasshopper
Decapod
10 legs, 5 pairs of legs
Chelipeds
Pincher like claws
Crayfish fertilization is ___.
External
Crayfish have an ___ circulatory system.
Open
Swimmerets
Locomotion
Complementary swimmerets
Female holds eggs, male uses to carry sperm
Holes in heart called ___.
Ostia ?
Astroidea
Sea stars
Ophiuroidea
Brittle stars
Echinodea
Sea urchins
Holothuroidea
Sea cucumber
Crinpdea
Sea lillies
Urochordata
Tunicates
Cephalochordata
Lancelets
Agnatha
Jawless fish
Gnathostoma
Jaws
Chondrichthyes
Sharks, Rays
Osteichthyes
Bony fish
Amphibia
Amphibians
Reptilia
Reptiles & aves
Mammalia
Mammals
