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Bio 2 Lab > Test 3 > Flashcards

Test 3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Vertebrates

A

Have a backbone

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1
Q

Heterotrophic

A

Their food consists of organic molecules made by other organisms

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2
Q

Invertebrates

A

Lack a backbone

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3
Q

Coelom

A

Invertebrates that lack a true body cavity

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4
Q

Asymmetry

A

Animal has no particular symmetry

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5
Q

Radial symmetry

A

The animal is organized and two identical halves are obtained no matter how the animal is longitudinally sliced

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6
Q

Which of the phyla in the tree have radial symmetry?

A

Radiata

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7
Q

Bilateral symmetry

A

The adult animal has a definite right and left half

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8
Q

Germ layers

A

Tissue layers

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9
Q

Which of the phyla in the tree have only two germ layers?

A

Radiata

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10
Q

Ectoderm

A

Outer layer, layer that becomes the skin and nervous system

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11
Q

Endoderm

A

Inner layer, layer that becomes the gut

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12
Q

Mesoderm

A

Middle layer, becomes the muscles

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13
Q

Protostome

A

Pattern of development in which the first opening of the embryo is the mouth

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14
Q

Deuterostome

A

Pattern of development in which the second opening of the embryo is the mouth, first is anus

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15
Q

Which pattern of development do the flatworms, Rotifers, and roundworms have?

A

Protostome

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16
Q

Sponges

A

Live in water, mostly marine, attached to rocks, shells, and other solid objects

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17
Q

Sessile

A

Immotile

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18
Q

Collar cells

A

Take in suspended food particles from the water and digest them for the benefit of all the other cells in a sponge

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19
Q

Osculum

A

Excurrent opening

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20
Q

Spicule

A

Skeleton of sponge

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21
Q

Amoebocyte

A

Produce spicules

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22
Q

Calcareous (chalk) sponges have spicules of what?

A

Calcium carbonate

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23
Q

Bath sponges have a skeleton of ___.

A

Spongin

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24
Q

Glass sponges have ___ spicules

A

Glassy

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25
Q

How does a sponge protect itself from predators?

A

Spicules

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26
Q

How do sponges acquire and digest food?

A

Collar cells

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27
Q

How do sponges reproduce asexually?

A

Budding or fragmentation

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28
Q

How do sponges reproduce sexually?

A

Eggs and sperm

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29
Q

The mouth of a ___ is directed upward.

A

Polyp

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30
Q

The mouth of a jellyfish, or ___, is directed downward.

A

Medusa

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31
Q

How can radial symmetry benefit an animal?

A

It can move equally well in any direction, can reach out and grab food from the center, can sense in all directions

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32
Q

Gastrovasculer cavity

A

Has a single opening that is used both as an entrance for food and an exit for wastes

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33
Q

How does a hydra acquire and digest food?

A

Tentacles capture food which is stuffed into gastrovascular cavity where it is digested both externally in the cavity and internally in the cells that like the cavity

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34
Q

How does a hydra protect itself from predators?

A

Nematocysts

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35
Q

How does a hydra reproduce asexually?

A

Budding

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36
Q

How does a hydra reproduce sexually?

A

The body wall can also produce ovaries and testes that produce eggs and sperm

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37
Q

Cnidocytes

A

Stinging cells

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38
Q

Nematocyst

A

Fluid-filled capsule which contains a long, spirally coiled hollow thread

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39
Q

Hermaphroditic

A

Possess both male and female sex organs

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40
Q

Why is is advantageous for an animal to be hermaphroditic?

A

Assurance of a reproductive partner

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41
Q

Flame cells

A

Excretory organs, collect fluids from inside the body and send via a tube to an excretory pore

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42
Q

Ladder-like nervous system

A

Contains a brain and lateral nerve cords connected by transverse nerves

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43
Q

Why would you expect an animal that lives in fresh water to have a well-developed excretory system?

A

Eliminate water and retain salts

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44
Q

When a planarian extends the ___, food is sucked up into a gastrovascular cavity that branches throughout the body.

A

Pharynx

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45
Q

What is the advantage of a gastrovascular cavity that ramifies through the body?

A

A higher surface area for food absorption to occur

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46
Q

How do humans get infected with the pig tapeworm?

A

Humans may eat it in poorly cooked or raw meat

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47
Q

Tapeworms

A

Parasitic worms known as cestodes

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48
Q

Scolex

A

Head, usually with suckers and hooks

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49
Q

Proglottids

A

Segments of the body

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50
Q

What is the function of a tapeworms hooks and suckers?

A

Help them stay attached to the interior of the intestine

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51
Q

Ploglottids mature into “bags of eggs.” Given the life cycle of the tapeworm, why might a tapeworm produce so many eggs?

A

Only a few of the millions of fertile eggs ever have any chance of making it to “adulthood”

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52
Q

Flukes

A

Parasitic flatworms known as trematodes

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53
Q

Complete digestive tract

A

Has both a mouth and an anus

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54
Q

Pseudocoelom

A

A body cavity, which allows space for the organs, is incompletely lined with mesoderm

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55
Q

How can trichinosis be prevented in humans?

A

Eat well-cooked meat

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56
Q

Filarial worm

A

Roundworm that infects lymphatic vessels and blocks the flow of lymph

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57
Q

The condition is called __ because when a leg is affected, it becomes massively swollen.

A

Elephantiasis

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58
Q

If a cnidarian has both a polyp stage and a medusa stage, what is the life-cycle function of the medusa stage?

A

Disperses the species

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59
Q

Why would you expect an animal with bilateral symmetry to be more active than one with radial symmetry?

A

They move in a definite direction

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60
Q

Name two contrasting anatomical features (other than symmetry) that distinguish a planarian from a hydra.

A

Planarian - ladder-like nervous system, 3 germ layers

Hydra - nerve net, 2 germ layers

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61
Q

Name a group of animals that is usually hermaphroditic and a group that is usually dioecious.

A

Hermaphroditic - flatworms

Dioecious - flukes

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62
Q

How does the process of acquiring food in planarians differ from the process in tapeworms?

A

Planarians - extend pharynx and suck up food

Tapeworms - attach to a host and suck up food

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63
Q

Why would you expect a free-living roundworm to have a nervous system?

A

They have a muscular body wall, so need a brain and nerves to control the muscles

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64
Q

Name two types of parasitic roundworms and one type of roundworm that is free-living.

A

Parasitic - trichinella and Filarial worm

Free-living - vinegar eels

65
Q

Chitins

A

Among molluscs, Chitins are the grazing marine herbivores, which have a body flattened dorsoventrally covered by a shell consisting of eight plates

66
Q

Bivalves

A

Contain marine and freshwater sessile filter feeders, such as clams and scallops, with a body enclosed by a shell consisting of two valves

67
Q

Gastropods

A

Contain marine, freshwater, and terrestrial species. In snails, the shell, if present, is coiled

68
Q

Cephalopods

A

Contain marine active predators, such as squids and nautiluses. Tentacles are about the head

69
Q

All molluscs have a three part body consisting of:

A
  • foot
  • visceral mass
  • mantle
70
Q

Foot

A

Specialized for various means of locomotion

71
Q

Visceral mass

A

Includes the internal organs

72
Q

Mantle

A

A thin tissue that encloses the visceral mass and may secrete a shell

73
Q

Cephalization

A

Development of a head region

74
Q

Radula

A

Belt like organ containing rows of teeth

75
Q

Annelids

A

Segmented worms

76
Q

Hydrostatic skeleton

A

The circular and longitudinal muscles work against the fluid-filled coelom to produce changed in width and length

77
Q

Polychaetes

A

Have many slender bristles called setae

78
Q

Earthworms

A

Oligochaetes, have fewer setae

79
Q

Leeches

A

Usually have no setae

80
Q

Clitellum

A

Enlarged section around a short length of the body of an earthworm

Secretes mucus that holds the worms together during mating

81
Q

Detritus

A

Organic matter

82
Q

Arthropods

A

Have paired, jointed appendages and a hard exoskeleton that contain chitin

83
Q

Molt

A

As soon as they have grown larger, they shed their old exoskeleton and grow a new larger one

84
Q

Insects

A

Three pairs of legs, with or without wings, and three distinct body regions

85
Q

Millipedes

A

Two pairs of legs per segment

86
Q

Centipede

A

One pair of legs per segment

87
Q

Spiders and scorpions

A

Four pairs of legs, no antennae, and a cephalothorax (head and thorax are fused)

88
Q

Crustaceans

A

Include crabs, shrimp, and lobsters, have three to five pairs of legs, and two pairs of antennae

89
Q

Barnacles

A

Use their legs to gather food

90
Q

Hemolymph

A

Blood plus lymph

91
Q

Malpighian tubules

A

Save water by secretive a solid nitrogenous waste

92
Q

Tracheae

A

Tiny tubules that deliver air directly to the muscles

93
Q

Tympana

A

Grasshoppers detect sound and vibrations with these membranes

94
Q

Metamorphosis

A

A change, usually a drastic one, in form and shape

95
Q

Nymphs

A

Immature stages of the grasshopper

96
Q

Incomplete metamorphosis

A

A gradual change in form

97
Q

Complete metamorphosis

A

Three stages of development - larvae, pupa, and adult

98
Q

Echinoderms

A

Only invertebrate group that shares deuterostome development with the vertebrates

99
Q

The Echinoderms most unique feature is what?

A

Their water vascular system

100
Q

What do Echinoderms use for locomotion?

A

Tube feet

101
Q

List two advantages of having a coelom.

A
  • more space for complex organs

- makes a hydrostatic skeleton possible

102
Q

What are the three general characteristics of mollusks?

A
  • muscular foot
  • visceral mass
  • mantle
103
Q

Give evidence that earthworms are segmented by stating an organ that occurs in most every segment.

A

Nephridia

104
Q

In general, describe the water vascular system of Echinoderms.

A

Consists of various canals that transport water to the ampulla. Which contracts and focus water into the tube feet.

105
Q

Advantage of closer circulatory system

A

Transport faster with it

106
Q

Advantage of respiratory organ

A

Provides for efficient gas exchange

107
Q

Advantage of jointed appendages

A

Provides flexible movement

108
Q

Advantage of exoskeleton

A

Muscle attachment for specialized movement

109
Q

A lancelet isn’t a vertebrate. Explain.

A

Retains the notochord as an adult and has no vertebrate

110
Q

Which groups of vertebrates are fully adapted to life on land?

A

reptiles, aves, and mammals

111
Q

A pulmonary circuit is seen in vertebrate animals adapted to life on land. Explain

A

Takes blood to and from the lungs

112
Q

Hydrozoa

A

Hydra, Portuguese man-of-war

113
Q

Scyphozoa

A

Jellyfish

114
Q

Anthozoa

A

Hard corals and soft corals

115
Q

Ctenophora

A

Comb jelly

116
Q

Platyhelminthes

A

Flatworms

117
Q

Turbellara

A

Free-living flatworms

118
Q

Trematoda

A

Flukes

119
Q

Cestoda

A

Tapeworms

120
Q

Acoelomates

A

No fluid-filled body cavity

121
Q

Polyplacophora

A

Chitins

122
Q

Gastropoda

A

Snails, slugs

123
Q

Bivalvia

A

Clams

124
Q

Cephalopoda

A

Octopus, squid

125
Q

Cephalopods have ___ circulatory system.

A

Closed

126
Q

Loligo

A

Squid

127
Q

Annelida

A

Segmented worms

128
Q

Oligochaeta

A

Earthworms

129
Q

Polychaeta

A

Sand worms, feather dusters

130
Q

Hirudinea

A

Leeches

131
Q

Typhlosole

A

Fold that increases surface of intestine

132
Q

Nematoda

A

Roundworms

133
Q

Chelocerates

A

Horseshoe crabs and arachnids

134
Q

Crustaceans

A

Crabs, lobster, shrimp

135
Q

Chilopods

A

Centipedes

136
Q

Diplopods

A

Millipedes

137
Q

Hexapods

A

Insects

138
Q

Complete metamorphosis

A
  • drastic change
  • larvae does not resemble adult
  • example is butterfly
139
Q

Incomplete metamorphosis

A
  • gradual change
  • larvae resemble adult
  • example is grasshopper
140
Q

Decapod

A

10 legs, 5 pairs of legs

141
Q

Chelipeds

A

Pincher like claws

142
Q

Crayfish fertilization is ___.

A

External

143
Q

Crayfish have an ___ circulatory system.

A

Open

144
Q

Swimmerets

A

Locomotion

145
Q

Complementary swimmerets

A

Female holds eggs, male uses to carry sperm

146
Q

Holes in heart called ___.

A

Ostia ?

147
Q

Astroidea

A

Sea stars

148
Q

Ophiuroidea

A

Brittle stars

149
Q

Echinodea

A

Sea urchins

150
Q

Holothuroidea

A

Sea cucumber

151
Q

Crinpdea

A

Sea lillies

152
Q

Urochordata

A

Tunicates

153
Q

Cephalochordata

A

Lancelets

154
Q

Agnatha

A

Jawless fish

155
Q

Gnathostoma

A

Jaws

156
Q

Chondrichthyes

A

Sharks, Rays

157
Q

Osteichthyes

A

Bony fish

158
Q

Amphibia

A

Amphibians

159
Q

Reptilia

A

Reptiles & aves

160
Q

Mammalia

A

Mammals

Bio 2 Lab (3 decks)

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