Final Flashcards
The terrestrial vertebrates are all ___ because they have four limbs.
Tetrapods
What is the largest group of vertebrates?
Ray-finned fishes
Fishes in order of evolution
Jawless fish, cartilaginous fishes, bony fishes
Bony fishes include what two groups?
- Ray-finned fishes
- lobe-finned fishes
The limbs of tetrapods are ___ appendages just like those of Arthropods.
Jointed
Do all animals develop in a water environment?
Yes
Urochordates
Tunicates, or sea squirts
___ are the only remaining chordate characteristic in adult tunicates.
Gill slits
Cephalochordates
Lancelets
Humans, as well as all living things, are made up of ___.
Cells
Groups of cells that have the same structural characteristics and perform the same functions are called ___.
Tissues
An ___ is composed of different types of tissues.
Organ
The many kinds of tissues in the human body are grouped into four types:
Epithelial, muscular, nervous, and connective
Chordates have what four things?
- dorsal tubular nerve cord
- dorsal supporting rod, notochord
- postanal tail
- pharyngeal pouches that become gill slits
Epithelial tissue
Protection, secretion, absorption, filtration
Connective tissue
Support
Muscular
Contraction of skeletal parts
Nerve tissue
Receive stimuli
Simple squamous epithelial tissue
Lines internal cavities, the heart, and blood vessels
Simple cuboidal epithelial tissue
Found in tubules of kidney and ducts of many glands
Simple columnar epithelial tissue
Likes the digestive tract
Cardiac muscular tissue
Striated, but fibers are branched, bound at disks, found in heart
Smooth muscular tissue
Makes up walls of internal organs
Skeletal muscular tissue
Striated, light and dark bands, occurs in muscles attached to the bones of the skeleton
What is meant by the expression involuntary muscle?
Muscle that contracts without conscious control
Three parts of a neuron
Dendrites, cell body, axon
Dendrites
Take signals to cell body
Cell body
Nucleus is located here
Axon
Takes nerve impulses away from the cell body
Why are certain types of connective tissue called support tissues?
It joins different parts of the body together
Stratified
Cell layers are placed on top of each other
Squamous
Flat
Epithelium
Thin tissue forming outer layer of a body’s surface
Describe how you would recognize a slide of compact bone.
Lamellae - concentric rings
Lacunae - cavities in lamellae
Central canal - canal in center
What two features indicate that a pig is a mammal?
Mammory gland and hair
What difficulty would probably arise if a person were born without an epiglottis?
Choking on food and drink
What two cavities studied in this lab hold internal organs?
Thoracic cavity and abdominal cavity
Two principal organs in the thoracic cavity
Heart
Lungs
Heart
Pump for cardiovascular system
Lungs
Organs of respiratory system where has exchange occurs
What difficulty would arise if a person were born without a thymus gland?
Lymphocytes would not mature which would not allow for the ability to fight disease
Largest organ in the abdominal cavity
Liver
Liver
Disposing of worn-out red blood cells, producing bile, storing glycogen, maintaining the blood glucose level, producing blood proteins
Why is it proper to associate the gallbladder with the liver?
The liver produces bile, which is stored and released in the gallbladder
Where would you find the pancreas?
Between the stomach and small intestine
What are the four chambers of the mammalian heart?
Right and left atrium, right and left ventricle
Contrast the pumping function of the right and left sides of the heart.
Right - sends blood through the smaller pulmonary circuit
Left - sends blood through the much larger systemic circuit
Sequence the organs of the respiratory system from the glottis to the lungs.
Glottis, trachea, larynx, bronchi, lungs
What’s the difference between the ureters and the urethra in the urinary system?
Ureters run from the kidneys to the bladder
Urethra runs from the bladder to exit the body
Sequence the path of sperm from the testes to the urogenital opening.
Testes, epididymides, vasa diferentia, urethra, penis
What organs enter the urogenital sinus in female pigs?
Vagina, urethra
Which organ in males produces sperm?
Testes
Which organs in females produces eggs?
Ovaries
How and when do speak acquire access to an egg in mammals?
Sorry travels up to the vagina, to the cervic, to the uterine horn where the egg is
An umbilical cord stretches externally between the fetal animals and the ___.
Placenta
How many nipples does your pig have?
16
The ___ is the space in the mouth that contains the tongue and the teeth.
Oral cavity
The ___ is dorsal to the oral cavity and has three openings.
Pharynx
The ___ is an opening through which air passes on its way to the ___ and lungs.
Glottis, trachea
The ___ is a portion of the digestive tract that leads through the neck and thorax to the stomach.
Esophagus
The ___ leads to the nasal passages.
Nasopharyx
___ covers the glottis.
Epiglottis
Structure that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity.
Diaphragm
The central region of the diaphragm, called the ___, is a membranous area.
Central tendon
Lifting the flap with the umbilical cord requires cutting the ___.
Umbilical vein
The ___, or voice box, sits atop the ___, or windpipe.
Larynx, trachea
Thoracic cavity three compartments
Left pleural cavity
Right pleural cavity
Pericardial cavity
Left pleural cavity contains
Left lung
Right pleural cavity contains
Right lung
Pericardial cavity contains
The heart
The trachea, dorsal to the heart, divides into the ___, which enter the lungs.
Bronchi
The abdominal wall and organs are lined by a membrane called ___.
Peritoneum
Double-layered sheets of peritoneum, called ___, project from the body wall and support the organs.
Mesenteries
Stomach makes a curve to the right and narrows to join the anterior end of the small intestine called the ___.
Duodenum
The ___ is both an exocrine and an endocrine gland.
Pancreas
The ___ runs in the mesentery stretching the liver and the duodenum.
Bile duct
The ___ is part of the digestive tract that android water and prepares feces for defecation at the anus.
Large intestine
The ___ stores and releases bile, which aids the digestion of fat.
gallbladder
The first part of the large intestine, called the ___, has a projection called the vermiform appendix.
Cecum
What is the main portion of the large intestine?
Colon
In the pelvic region, the ___ is the last portion of the large intestine.
Rectum
The rectum leads to the ___.
Anus
The cardiovascular system includes the heart and two major circular pathways:
Pulmonary circuit
Systemic circuit
Kidney produces ___
Urine
Kidney is ___ shaped
Lima bean
___ in small intestine to increase surface area to make more enzymes.
Finger-like projections
Layer on top of heart
Thymus
___ used as landmark.
Coronary artery
Aorta, rectum on top of aorta, purplish one is ___
Inferior vena cava
Trachea looks
White rings
Thymus responsible for ___ maturation
T-cell
