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Biology 100 > Test 3 > Flashcards

Test 3 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Do individuals evolve?

A

No, only species can evolve.

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2
Q

Are all sperm and eggs genetically identical?

A

All of the sperm and eggs produced by an individual are different from one another and any one of those gametes may be the gamete involved in fertilization.

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3
Q

How do agricultural pests evolve resistance to pesticides?

A

The first generation will have members die that are not resistant to the pesticide. Those that survive will then breed and have offspring with a higher likelihood of having genes that are pesticide resistant. This process goes on until the pests evolve to have offspring that are completely resistant to pesticides.

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4
Q

What happens if telomeres become too short?

A

After some critical number of cell divisions, with the telomere getting shorter and shorter each time, any additional cell divisions will cause the loss of functional, essential DNA, which means almost certain death for the cell

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5
Q

What animals did Darwin study in the Galapagos Islands that helped him develop his theory of evolution by natural selection?

A

Finches

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6
Q

What is phenotype?

A

The outward appearance of an individual.

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7
Q

What is genetic drift?

A

A random change in allele frequencies, unrelated to any allele’s influence on reproductive success.

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8
Q

What conditions need to be satisfied for evolution by natural selection to occur?

A

1) Variation of a trait: different versions of a trait are present within a population.
2) Heritability: the different versions of a trait may be passed from parents to offspring.
3) Differential reproductive success: Individuals with the versions of a trait most suited to reproduction in their environment generally leave more offspring than individuals with other versions of the trait.

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9
Q

What is selective breeding?

A

The process of selecting those individuals with the desired traits to breed with each other, in the hope that their offspring would have the desirable trait.

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10
Q

Who is Charles Darwin?

A

He established that all species of life have descended over time from common ancestors, and proposed the scientific theory that this branching pattern of evolution resulted from a process that he called natural selection.

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11
Q

What is genotype?

A

An organism’s genetic composition that underlines its phenotype.

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12
Q

What is the Founder Effect?

A

When the founding members of a new population have different allele frequencies than the original source population.

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13
Q

What is a Population Bottleneck?

A

When famine, disease, or rapid environmental change causes the deaths of a large, random proportion of the population, and the surviving individuals have different allele frequencies than the original population.

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14
Q

What is a telomere?

A

The telomere is like a protective cap at the end of the DNA. b. Every time a cell divides, the telomere gets a bit shorter.

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15
Q

What is evolution?

A

A change in the allele frequencies of a population over time.

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16
Q

What is natural selection?

A

A change in allele frequencies that occurs when individuals with one version of a heritable trait have greater reproductive success than individuals with a different version of the trait.

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17
Q

What can happen to cells that rebuild their telomeres with each division?

A

Unfortunately, most cells that rebuild their telomeres with each cell division present a big problem: they don’t know when to stop dividing. Called cancer.

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18
Q

Name the four mechanisms that give rise to evolution.

A

Mutation: an alteration in the base-pair sequence of an individuals DNA; may arise spontaneously or following exposure to a mutagen

Genetic drift: a random change in allele frequencies over successive generations

Migration; a change in the allele frequencies of a population due to the movement of some individuals from one population to another

Natural selection: a mechanism of evolution that occurs when there is heritable variation for a trait and individuals with one version of the trait have greater reproductive success than individuals with a different version of that trait

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19
Q

What is heterozygous and homozygous?

A

Heterozygous is when an individual inherits a different allele from each parent.

Homozygous when an individual inherits two copies of the same allele, it is homozygous and shows the trait specified by the instructions embodied in those alleles.

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20
Q

What is heredity?

A

the passing of characteristics from parent to offspring through their genes

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21
Q

What is the name for the structure of DNA? Who discovered it?

A

Double helix: it was discovered by Watson and crick

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22
Q

What are the nitrogen-containing 4 bases in DNA?

A

Adenine

Thymine

Guanine

Cytosine

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23
Q

Which bases pair together in a DNA molecule?

A

A—T

G—C

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24
Q

Which organelle is known as the “powerhouse of the cell?”

A

Mitochondria

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25
Q

Give the 5 steps of the scientific method?

A

Make Observations

Formulate a Hypothesis Hypothesis: a proposed explanation for observed phenomena. A hypothesis must clearly establish mutually exclusive alternative explanations for a phenomenon. A hypothesis must generate testable predictionsii. A hypothesis that states a lack of relationship between two factors is called a null hypothesis. A null hypothesis is easier to disprove because a single piece of evidence or new observation that contradicts a null hypothesis is sufficient for us to reject itc.

Devise a testable predictioni. A good hypothesis helps us make a prediction about novel situationsd.

Conduct a critical experimenti. Critical experiment: an experiment that makes it possible to decisively determine whether a particular hypothesis is correcte. Draw conclusions and make revisions

26
Q

Define scientific hypothesis.

A

Hypothesis: a proposed explanation for observed phenomena. i. A hypothesis must clearly establish mutually exclusive alternative explanations for a phenomenonii. A hypothesis must generate testable predictions

27
Q

Define scientific theory. Does this differ from common use of the term “theory?” If so, how?

A

a. Scientific theory: hypotheses that have been tested over and over without being discredited. It is exceptionally well supported by empirical data. It is unlikely to be altered by any new evidenceb. Theory: common use of theory is to suggest a hunch or guess

28
Q

What 2 things must a hypothesis accomplish to be useful?

A

A hypothesis must clearly establish mutually exclusive alternative explanations for a phenomenonb. A hypothesis must generate testable predictions

29
Q

Which 4 elements make up most of the human body?

A

Oxygen (65%)b. Carbon (18.5%)c. Hydrogen (9.5%)d. Nitrogen (3%)

30
Q

Why is water less dense when frozen?

A

When water is frozen, crystalline lattices form keeping the molecules slightly farther apart and therefore les dense.

31
Q

What is the process of hydrogenation?

A

The process of adding hydrogen atoms to carbon atoms (butter to margarine). Brings unsaturated fats to trans fats which increases your cholesterol.

32
Q

Why is cholesterol important?

A

Helps build cell membranes.

33
Q

What function do steroid hormones serve?

A

They help regulate sex cells

34
Q

What is the difference between a complete and incomplete protein?

A

Complete proteins have all the amino acids necessary, where incomplete proteins are missing certain amino acids for a normal diet.

35
Q

What enzyme is missing/malfunctioning in lactose intolerant people that make them unable to drink milk?

A

Lactase

36
Q

What does DNA stand for?

A

a. DNA is a molecule that all living organisms carry in almost every cell in their body. Because every person’s dna is unique and because we leave a trail of dna it can serve as an individual identifieri. DNA stands for deoxyribonucleic acid

37
Q

What does RNA stand for?

A

Ribonucleic acid

38
Q

What process allows plants to create their own food?

A

a. All plants create their own food through a process called photosynthesis.
i. Photosynthesis: using energy from sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into sugar

39
Q

What are 3 adaptations that plants have evolved to resist predation?

A

Thorns, chemicals (causes things like poison ivy to give humans rashes), and grow in areas that predators can’t get to them.

40
Q

What adaptation allows land (terrestrial) plants to avoid desiccation?

A

Desiccation: is the problem of plants drying out due to evaporation? Plants developed an outer waxy layer called a cuticle that covers their entire surface so as to combat this problem.

41
Q

What is a “vascular” plant?

A

a. Vascular plants are those that have vascular tissue—an infrastructure of tubes that begin in the roots and extend up its stem and out to the tips of its leaves—that allow for the transportation of nutrients and water.
b. Vascular tissue allows for more effective transportation of water and nutrients than cell to cell diffusion

42
Q

What is the term for a “flowering” plant?

A

Angiosperms

43
Q

Are fungi more closely related to plants or animals?

A

Fungi are more closely related to animals

44
Q

What is a population?

A

Groups of individual organisms that interbreed with each other

45
Q

What is a community in ecology?

A

Populations of different species that interact with each other within a locale

46
Q

What is ecology?

A

A subdiscipline of biology defined as the study of the interactions between organisms an their environments

47
Q

Name 4 Density-dependent factors that limit population size.

A

Density dependent relate to crowding

i. Food supply
ii. Habitat for living and breeding
iii. Parasite and disease risk
iv. Predation risk

48
Q

Name 4 Density-independent factors that limit population size.

A

Density independent are factors such as natural or human-caused calamities

i. Floods
ii. Earthquakes
iii. Fires
iv. hurricanes

49
Q

What reproductive strategy do animals in stable environments tend to have?

A

Invest a lot of time into one young

50
Q

What reproductive strategy do animals in variable environments tend to have?

A

Invest little time in many young

51
Q

What are the 4 types of value we assign to biodiversity?

A

a. Utilitarian value: biodiversity can provide materials or processes that make our lives better
b. Aesthetic value: biodiversity can be beautiful to look at and pleasant to experience
c. Symbolic value: biodiversity can provide imagery that conveys meaningful abstract ideas
d. Naturalistic value: biodiversity an provide the satisfaction that comes from direct contact with nature

52
Q

What are the 3 types of biodiversity?

A

a. Ecosystems: the number of ecosystems in a given region
b. Species: the number of species in a given ecosystem
c. Genes and alleles: number of alleles in a given species

53
Q

What is conservation biology?

A

The interdisciplinary field that addresses how to understand and preserve the natural biological resources of earth, including its biodiversity at all levels.

54
Q

Where do we find the highest diversity of land mammals?

A

At the equator

55
Q

Name 4 books authored by E.O. Wilson.

A

a. Theory of island biogeography
b. The insects society
c. On human nature
d. The diversity of life

56
Q

Briefly summarize the “Theory of Island Biogeography.”

A

a. The theory is an attempt to explain and predict the patterns of species diversity on islands. At It tests:
i. Area effect: the larger the island the greater number of species present, which held true for bird species as well as plants, beetles, and snails.
ii. The distance effect: distance from the nearest mainland and the number of species that inhabited the island—the farter from the mainland, the fewer the species.

57
Q

Name the 2 categories of extinctions.

A

a. Mass extinction: a larger number of species become extinct over a short period of time due to extraordinary an sudden environmental changes
b. Background extinctions: these extinctions occur at lower rates during times other than mass extinctions

58
Q

Name 3 anthropogenic cause of biodiversity loss.

A

a. Introductions of exotic species
b. Acid rain and the burning of fossil fuels
c. Deforestation

59
Q

What is the name of the tree found in the Pacific Northwest that produces a chemical effective for treatment of ovarian, breast and lung cancers?

A

Pacific yew tree (taxus brevifolia)

60
Q

Why is it hotter at the equator versus areas north or south?

A

The sun shines most directly on the equator, and, as we move away from the equator, the earth’s curvature causes the solar energy hitting the earth to be spread out over increasingly large areas. This leads to less solar energy at any one point as latitude increases

61
Q

What characteristic of the Earth is responsible for the seasons?

A

the slight tilt at which the earth is on

62
Q

When it is summer in the northern hemisphere, what season is it in the southern hemisphere?

A

Winter

Biology 100 (2 decks)

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