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Biology 100 > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define extant.

A

a. Still in existence or surviving

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2
Q

What is adaptation?

A
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3
Q

What is a cnidocyst?

A

A type of venomous cell unique to the phylum Cnidaria (corals, sea anemones, hydrae, jellyfish, etc)

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4
Q

Is extinction a natural process?

A

Yes

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5
Q

Do individuals evolve?

A

No, only species can evolve.

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6
Q

Are all sperm and eggs genetically identical?

A

All of the sperm and eggs produced by an individual are different from one another and any one of those gametes may be the gamete involved in fertilization.

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7
Q

Know how to determine the genotype of offspring when given the parents genotype? (i.e. AA and aa) Also know whether the offspring would show the dominant or recessive trait.

A
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8
Q

The earliest life on earth appeared how long ago?

A

3.5 Billion years ago

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9
Q

What is allopatric speciation?

A

Occurs when biological populations of the same species become isolated from each other to an extent that prevents or interferes with genetic interchange.

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10
Q

How do agricultural pests evolve resistance to pesticides?

A
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11
Q

What happens if telomeres become too short?

A

After some critical number of cell divisions, with the telomere getting shorter and shorter each time, any additional cell divisions will cause the loss of functional, essential DNA, which means almost certain death for the cell

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12
Q

What is the final product of mitosis?

A

Identical copies of the old cells

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13
Q

Know the genus of the hominid ancestors?

A
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14
Q

All vertebrates are members of what phylum?

A

Chordata

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15
Q

What animals did Darwin study in the Galapagos Islands that helped him develop his theory of evolution by natural selection?

A
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16
Q

What is phenotype?

A

The outward appearance of an individual.

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17
Q

Did humans evolve from chimpanzees?

A

Not from modern day chimps, but we have common ancestors.

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18
Q

What is incomplete dominance?

A

Dominance—a heterozygote displays a characteristic somewhere between the characteristics of the two homozygotes.

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19
Q

What is genetic drift?

A

A random change in allele frequencies, unrelated to any allele’s influence on reproductive success.

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20
Q

What conditions need to be satisfied for evolution by natural selection to occur?

A

Variation of a trait: different versions of a trait are present within a population. b. Heritability: the different versions of a trait may be passed from parents to offspring. c. Differential reproductive success: Individuals with the versions of a trait most suited to reproduction in their environment generally leave more offspring than individuals with other versions of the trait.

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21
Q

What is fitness?

A
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22
Q

Do mammals lay eggs?

A

No

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23
Q

Do prokaryotes or eukaryotes have more DNA?

A

a. Eukaryotes

24
Q

What is a phylogeny?

A

Evolutionary history of organisms

25
Q

What is cancer?

A

Cells that rebuild their telomeres with each cell division and don’t know when to stop dividing.

26
Q

What is metamorphosis?

A

The process of transformation from an immature form to an adult form in two or more distinct stages.

27
Q

What is a hermaphrodite?

A

A person or animal having both male and female sex organs or other sexual characteristics, either abnormally or naturally.

28
Q

What is sympatric speciation?

A

Process through which new species evolve from a single ancestral species while inhabiting the same geographic region.

29
Q

Define extinct.

A

No longer in existence

30
Q
A
31
Q

What is selective breeding?

A

The process of selecting those individuals with the desired traits to breed with each other, in the hope that their offspring would have the desirable trait.

32
Q

Who is Charles Darwin?

A

He established that all species of life have descended over time from common ancestors, and proposed the scientific theory that this branching pattern of evolution resulted from a process that he called natural selection.

33
Q

What is genotype?

A

An organism’s genetic composition that underlines its phenotype.

34
Q

What is the Founder Effect?

A

When the founding members of a new population have different allele frequencies than the original source population.

35
Q

What is a Population Bottleneck?

A

When famine, disease, or rapid environmental change causes the deaths of a large, random proportion of the population, and the surviving individuals have different allele frequencies than the original population.

36
Q

What is a telomere?

A

The telomere is like a protective cap at the end of the DNA. b. Every time a cell divides, the telomere gets a bit shorter.

37
Q

What are the four distinct features of chordates?

A

Notochord, or a rod of vacuolated cells, encased by a firm sheath that lies ventral to the neural tube in vertebrate embryos and some adults.

Hollow nerve cord that lies dorsal to the notochord

Pharyngeal pouches

Endostyle - elongated groove in the pharynx floor of protochordates that may develop as the thyroid gland in chordates

38
Q

How did Mendel study heredity?

A
39
Q

What is evolution?

A

A change in the allele frequencies of a population over time.

40
Q

Why do siblings look different from one another when they have the same parents?

A

Products of meiosis result in different combinations of alleles from the same genes. b. Random combinations of egg and sperm occur.

41
Q

What is the term for traits that are determined by a single gene?

A
42
Q

What is a placental mammal?

A

Placental mammals have a placenta that provides oxygen and nutrients to the fetus as it undergoes a longer development in the uterus.

43
Q

Where is the male reproductive organ on a leopard snail?

A

Right side of their head

44
Q

What is natural selection?

A

A change in allele frequencies that occurs when individuals with one version of a heritable trait have greater reproductive success than individuals with a different version of the trait.

45
Q

How can you figure out which alleles an individual carries?

A

Conduct a test cross: the cross of an organism with an unknown dominant genotype with an organism that is homozygous recessive for that trait

46
Q

What are the three characteristics of an animal?

A

Multicellular, Eukaryotic, consumers, sexually reproduce, and mobile

47
Q

What is replication? (in the context of cell division)

A

Process of DNA duplication: Every single time any cell in any organism’s body divides, that cell’s DNA must first duplicate itself so that each of the two new cells has all of the genetic material.

48
Q

What can happen to cells that rebuild their telomeres with each division?

A

Unfortunately, most cells that rebuild their telomeres with each cell division present a big problem: they don’t know when to stop dividing. Called cancer.

49
Q

Name the four mechanisms that give rise to evolution.

A
50
Q

What are marsupials?

A

Animals that do not develop a true placenta and that usually have a pouch on the abdomen of the female which covers the teats and serves to carry the young

51
Q

What is codominance?

A

When the heterozygote displays characteristics of both homozygotes.

52
Q

What is heterozygous and homozygous?

A

Heterozygous is when an individual inherits a different allele from each parent. b. Homozygous when an individual inherits two copies of the same allele, it is homozygous and shows the trait specified by the instructions embodied in those alleles.

53
Q

What is heredity?

A

the passing of characteristics from parent to offspring through their genes

54
Q

What is complementarity?

A

The characteristic that in the double-stranded DNA molecule the base on one strand always has the same pairing-partner (called the complementary base) on the other strand

55
Q

What are invertebrates?

A

An animal lacking a backbone, such as an arthropod, mollusk, annelid, coelenterate, etc.

56
Q

How many hominid (Homo) species have there been?

A

a. There are two major hominid specie (Australopithecus and Homo), but a third has recently been discovered (Australopithecus anamensis)

Biology 100 (2 decks)

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