Test 3

Question 0

Phenomenological model contributions:

Answer 0

1. First positive/humanistic models of personality and human behavior.
2. First model that psychology could call it’s own, because the person centered model was developed by a psychologist.
3. Recognition of perceived/subjective self as critical in understanding the person.
4. Explicated and empirically demonstrated necessary conditions for effective therapy.
5. Developed the relationship between existential concerns and psychotherapy, first blending of an external set of values/issues with a psychotherapy model.
6. Specific and relatively powerful techniques from the gestalt approach; but initially developed without an effective structure for using them.

Question 1

Name the commonalities of phenomenological models.

Answer 1

1. Importance of subjective experience; the experienced or perceived self - ones idiosyncratic and unique sense of self.
2. Focus on normality - intended to describe normal personality; incorporate only broad and vague constructs of abnormality.
3. Tendency toward developing and growth is inherent in humans.
4. Importance of self report and self description in understanding the person.

Question 2

What did Erikson contribute to psychoanalysis?

Answer 2

Psychosocial stages plus psychosexual. development beyond childhood. Psychological and social basic task mastery at intervals from childhood to old age. May love forward or regress at crisis, which is a turning point. Life is a result if choices in these stages.
Also move from classical psychoanalysis focused on id psychology to contemporary focused on ego psychology.
Erikson brought an emphasis on social factors. Everything isn’t repetitions of childhood conflict. Who mastery of instincts and intrapsychic conflicts which shapes personality dev

Question 3

Name personality variables.

Answer 3

Intinstincts
Intrapsychic processes
Internalized societal rules

Question 4

What are instincts?

Answer 4

Fixed stable biologically based need states that are invariant over the course of life.

Question 5

Defense mechanisms?

Answer 5

Specific intrapsychic processes developed to moderate internal tension/anxiety which is inevitable due to environmental/social factors.

Question 6

What is introjection/incorporation via identification?

Answer 6

Developmental processes by which the individual internalizes societal expectations and appropriate behaviors. These also function as defense mechanisms.
This is an intrapsychic process

Question 7

What are internalized societal rules?

Answer 7

All guidelines for behavior, which are introjected/incorporated via the identification process, and which comprise the content by which superego processes operate.

Question 8

Contributions of the psychodynamic model?

Answer 8

Understanding resistance, seeing unfinished business as being able to work through, value and role of transference, understanding overuse of ego defenses and how that can hurt.
Can be used in diversity. Therapist bias awareness. May not focus on external and may hold client responsible. Ambiguity may be culturally bad

Question 9

Limitations of psychodynamic model?

Answer 9

Ignoring empirical research since it doesn’t take complexity into consideration, relatively long time commitment, time expense and availability, limit practical applications, anonymous role assumed by some. My culturally relevant and only applicable to elite and well educated. Great responsibility to moms for deficiencies and distortions in developments.

Question 10

Psychodynamic view of psychopathology?

Answer 10

Result of unconscious conflict between socialized ego and threatened expression of unsocialized instinctual needs/impulses.
Tension reduction system resists awareness of these socially inappropriate instinctual impulses plus memory of historical conflicts related to their expression. Repression is inevitable. Manifests in interactions with SOs as long as conflict is unconscious.

Question 11

Categories of manifestation of psychopathology?

Answer 11

Direct instinctual gratification - antisocial and/or psychotic behavior.
Excessive reliance on defense mechanisms - neurotic behavior.
Over or under incorporation of societal standards - neurotic or antisocial.

Question 12

Psychodynamic psychotherapy?

Answer 12

Components of therapy include examining and reenagting conflict via relationship with therapist
Reducing reliance on defense mechanisms
Moderation incorporation if societal standards - increase (empathy) or lessen ( Lower standards for conduct and/or performance).
Insight for conscious awareness f coflicts and cognitive change through insight and supplier. Lack of specific techniques especially for skill development. Borrows from BT and CBT

Question 13

Psychodynamic hypothetical constructs?

Answer 13

Instincts (libidos. Life and death, pleasure and aggression).
ego reality principle and is ld pleasure principle. Superego psychological rewards and punishments.
Conscious, unconscious, unconscious. Can see unconscious through behavior. Deny and distort on unconscious level.
Reality, neurotic and moral anxiety. Ego-defense mechanisms.

Question 14

Phenomenological personality definition.

Answer 14

The complex interaction between the self, intrinsic tendency to differentiate and become, and interpersonal interactions which validate or invalidate the self.

Question 15

Phenomenological person variables?

Answer 15

Self (combination of ones own views of self and others views of them as they believe them)
Ideal self - self as person would like to be and be seen as.
Actualization process - intrinsic/inherent ability to become.

Question 16

Interpersonal environment process?

Answer 16

Processes which facilitate actualization and growth: congruence/genuineness/authenticity, unconditional positive regard, empathic understanding.

Question 17

Phenomenological psychopathology?

Answer 17

Result of inconsistency between self and environment and from failure of environment to provide primary interpersonal features - congruence, empathy, UPR. Differences between real and ideal self, diffuse, rigid, or conflicted self, over reliance on external feedback for self esteem, anxiety ad distress related to incongruence.

Question 18

Phenomenological therapy?

Answer 18

Actualization processes to function more adaptively if right interpersonal environment is provided
Give environment of understanding, authenticity, UPR.
Lacks specific techniques especially for development of adaptive Behabiors and new kills

Question 19

Strengths of phenomenological?

Answer 19

Emphasis on research, importantance of empathy, works well worldwide. However some want more structure, can be difficult to translate fore conditions into actual practice. Also focuses on internal evaluation locus. Collectivist a won’t like.

Question 20

Behavioral model contributions and new concepts?

Answer 20

1. Importance of specific behavior in understanding adaptation and dysfunction
2. Operationalism - specifying interventions, goals, outcomes, psychopathologies in measurable and replicable ways.
3. Functional assessment - evaluation of specific antecedents and consequences of specific Behaviors.
4. Continuous or periodic measurement of specific behaviors to examine change.
5. Linking specific interventions with specific types of problems.
6. Empirical verification of treatment interventions - evidence based therapies.
7. Increased awareness of problems inherent in using inferred constructs.

Question 21

Behavioral psychopathology?

Answer 21

All non biologically based behavior is learned. Most dysfunctional is learned.
Psychopathology is a) learned or bilogically based behavior that is dysfunctional, disadvantageous, maladaptive or dangerous to the individual or other people.
B) deficits in learned behaviors that would be functions, advantageous, adaptive to person.

Question 22

Behavioral psychotherapy?

Answer 22

Replacing dysfunction or deficit with adaptive behavior - skill training with conditioning ad observational procedures.
Teaching new adaptive behaviors not in repertoire.
Learning to use behaviors appropriately - discrimination and generalization.
Learning to regulate ones own behavior - developing self control skills.
Lots of specific techniques.
CC, OC, observational learning, discrim and generalization, self control skills

Question 23

Behavioral organism variables?

Answer 23

1. Bilogically based properties/behaviors ( reflexes, hardwired. Anatomical and physiological limitations - biochemical imbalances and gene dysfunctions. Vary little across individuals.
2. Behavior repertoire - set of learned behaviors of the individual.

Question 24

Behavioral and developmental components?

Answer 24

Via learning. New behavior and higher order learning processes and better discrim and generalization is development. Response hierarchies. Maintain factors often different than initiating. What you can learn may be related to prior learning.

Question 25

Behavioral learning processes and moderating variables?

Answer 25

CC, OC, OL
Moderators: discrim, generalization, reinforcement and punishment, behavioral repertoire, response hierarchies (probable behaviors in certain situations).

Question 26

Behavioral stengths and limits?

Answer 26

May change behaviors but doesn’t feelings.
Doesn’t give insight.
Treats symptoms not causes.
Involves control and social influence by therapist.
Strengths: wry specific, many techniques, much research, very ethical. Objective. Takes environment into consideration. Must be specific though